Social Ethics Pre Final 1. According to Plato in The Republic, which part of the soul pursues honor? The spirited part The imaginative part The rational part The appetitive part 2. Similar to what is necessary for the soul to be just, what does Plato claim is also necessary for the city to be just? Elimination of all ruling duties Equal sharing of all duties Freedom to change duties Everyone doing their assigned duties 3. In order for a person and a city to be good and just, both must ultimately pursue which of the following? Tolerance Truth Knowledge Love 4. According to Plato, how do the rulers of the city attain the necessary qualities to rule in a just manner? Through military conquest Through education Through business apprenticeship Through devotion to the gods 5. According to Plato, restless, tortured, and troubled thoughts afflict the souls of whom? The unjust The perfectionists The warrior class The just 6. Which part of the human soul ensures that the appetite acts justly by following the dictates of reason? The conscientious part The spirited part The domineering part The prudent part 7. According to Plato, both the just city and the just soul must be organized on what principle? Law Contemplation Randomness Specialization 8. At what age is a soul adequately formed to permit a person to become a philosopher for the city? 50 35 27 60 9. According to Aristotle, generosity is a mean between what two extremes? Extravagance and stinginess Charity and insincerity Vanity and cowardice Kindness and disrespect 10. For an action to be considered a virtuous one by Aristotle, it must be__. Humble Voluntary 1 Selfless Legal 11. What kind of a friend is a person who likes another person for the sake of that other person? A sympathetic friend A genuine friend A selfless friend A respectful friend 12. Aristotle points out that when a person does good for a friend in order to help that friend become better, this person is practicing the highest level of___. Ethical virtue Self-forgetfulness Divine inspiration Self-sacrifice 13. It is possible to enjoy the highest kind of friendship with__. Only a member of the same kin One friend only An unlimited number of friends A handful of friends 14. The most enduring kind of friendship is centered on what? Virtue Religion Usefulness Citizenship 15. What is necessary for an ideal friendship to prosper according to Aristotle? Enjoying a shared faith Being members of the same political party Having a similar family structure Living near each other 16. According to Aristotle, what is the primary pursuit of the friends in an ideal friendship? Truth Admiration Faith God 17. According to Kant, a genuine moral imperative is one that can be willed to be___. A universal law A particular precept A divine virtue A societal norm According to Kant, the moral law is___. Variable Absolute Relative Time-conditioned 18. Which of the following reflects Kant’s view of the moral law? The moral law is rational The moral law is relative The moral law is contingent The moral law is perfect 19. Kant’s Categorical Imperative always applies to whom? Philosophers only 2 Clergy only Everyone Politicians only 20. According to Kant, which of the following is true regarding imperfect duties? Imperfect duties are incomplete Imperfect duties are irrational Imperfect duties are absolute Imperfect duties are not binding 21. What does the Categorical Imperative illustrate is the most important element of a moral action? The circumstances The result The motive The consequences 22. Which of the following would be considered unreasonable by the Categorical Imperative? Cultural relativism Self-interest Tolerance Happiness 23. According to Kant, which of the following cannot be known by pure reason, but we must still accept it? Metaphysics Reality Science Moral law 24. Mill claims that justice is based on what? Duty Utility Reason Law 25. How does Mill define utility? Effectiveness, while ignoring pain Pleasure, with the absence of pain Duty, with the irrelevance of pain Legality, with the necessity of pain 26. Why does Mill argue that justice has value? Justice benefits society Justice is the virtue of politicians Justice is never painful Justice creates morality 27. Why does Mill argue that utilitarianism is extremely compatible with religious doctrines of morality? Utilitarianism is practiced by church leaders God desires happiness for all people God permits pain for the greater good Religious doctrines of personal morality express the same principles as utilitarianism 28. What does Mill claim is proof that any particular thing is desirable? People make use of it It promotes the greatest good People actually want it It guarantees happiness 29. Because of the differences in all people, Nietzsche argues against_____. A universal moral code A philosophy of morals 3 The will to power Freedom for the masses 30. Nietzsche claims that traditional moral analysis is based primarily on what? Fear Courage Sadness Happiness 31. What is the “herd morality” that Nietzsche often refers to? A moral code based on cooperation A moral code based on weakness A moral code based on strength in numbers A moral code based on common sense 32. Which of the following have no definitive meaning, according to Nietzsche? Change and permanence Master and slave Weak and strong Good and evil 33. As an extension of slave morality, Nietzsche also claims that democracy is yet another means to make people_____. Equal Proud Mediocre Happy 34. What does Hardin mean by the term “tragedy of the commons”? Inevitable depletion of resources from failure to reduce carbon footprints Inevitable depletion of resources from free access and use Inevitable depletion of resources from traditional home ownership Inevitable depletion of resources from use by the bourgeoisie 35. In order to bring about a reduction in population, which of the following is advocated by Hardin? Forced restrictions on breeding Adding chemical birth control to the water supply Appeals to conscience to limit family size Paying people to not reproduce 36. Which of the following does Bookchin claim is at the heart of most ecological problems? Spiritual problems Pollution problems Economic problems Social problems 37. What does Bookchin claim is the true basis of social life? Development and hierarchies Reproduction and family care Camaraderie and competition Law and government 38. What does Bookchin claim about human life’s true relationship to nature? Human life sustains nature Human life and nature are united Human life adapts to nature Human life destroys nature 39. Which of the following is promoted more by Bookchin than by Hardin? Adaptation Education 4 Freedom Conservation 40. What does Rawls claim prevents political campaigns from acting justly for the benefit of all? Anarchy Liberty Poverty Money 41. According to Rawls, how is the veil of ignorance used as a tool to develop a more equal society? Ignoring all individual status when constructing a society Conducting elections of societal leaders by voting for their platforms without the candidates’ names being known Distributing plots of land equally to all citizens of a society by secret lottery Allowing all adult citizens of a society to vote regardless of education 42. If appeals to political leadership to achieve justice are not met, what does Rawls claim is acceptable as a last resort? Government overthrow Anarchy Limited violence Civil disobedience 43. Under what Rawlsian principle of justice do people have the right to hold public office? The servant principle The liberty principle The difference principle The political principle 44. In order to help very poor people, which of the following activities does Singer claim should be done? Donate a significant portion of one’s income Purchase luxury items Steal money to give to the poor Eat at a restaurant to help the local economy 45. What is Singer’s approach to duty and charity? Charity and duty are essentially the same Charity provides the foundation of duty Charity is also a duty at times Charity and duty are essentially different 46. What does Singer conclude about people who could give more money to aid the poor, but they spend most of their money elsewhere? They cannot be appealed to by moral argument They are condemned to an afterlife of misery They fail to live a morally decent life They are needed to help a local economy 47. Generally speaking, how much of a person’s life should be devoted to helping eradicate poverty, according to Singer? Approximately one-tenth of it Approximately one quarter of it Approximately all of it Approximately half of it 48. According to Friedman, if a corporate executive takes some of the corporation’s profits and reserves to contribute to a social cause, which of the following stakeholders will likely be adversely affected by the lower amount of cash on hand? Local residents Competitors Governments 5 Customers 49. According to Friedman, which of the following is a primary virtue of an ideal free market? “Let the buyer beware” mentality Communal property ownership Voluntary cooperation Numerous small businesses Part 2 According to Plato, which part of the soul is most closely associated with the ideal ruler? The rational part The imaginative part The sympathetic part The domineering part In The Republic, Plato maintains that an ideal statesman who cultivates a working harmony within the soul will also lead a_. Lonely life Just life Successful life Lucrative life The people of the ideal city who are not rulers or soldiers must possess what virtue? Prudence Courage Moderation Wisdom Which of the following views of justice is promoted by Plato in The Republic? Justice is the lone means to keep societies in order Justice is worthwhile for its own sake Justice is needed the most in cities without philosophers 6 Justice is valuable to better worship the gods What is a primary characteristic of the rulers Plato believes are likely to rule more wisely and justly than others? They know how to use power They do not want to rule They love the city They desire to be leaders Which part of the human soul ensures that the appetite acts justly by following the dictates of reason? The conscientious part The prudent part The spirited part The domineering part According to Plato, both the just city and the just soul must be organized on what principle? Law Randomness Specialization Contemplation Aristotle declares that for an action to be virtuous, the person performing the action must have____. A proper intention An ulterior motive A fearless soul A sympathetic feeling According to Aristotle, the virtue of truthfulness about oneself is found between what two extremes? Bashfulness and shamelessness Buffoonery and boorishness Boastfulness and self-depreciation 7 Vanity and small-mindedness Which of the following describes an important aspect of Aristotelian ideal friendship? Unified egos Reciprocal good will Mutual advantage Common citizenship Aristotle asserts that if all people were friends, which of the following virtues would be unnecessary? Fortitude Temperance Magnanimity Justice Which of the following expresses true friendship? Mutual love Mutual obligation Mutual faith Mutual determination The most enduring kind of friendship is centered on what? Virtue Usefulness Citizenship Religion Which of the following terms is most closely associated with Kantian ethics? Relativism Choice Duty 8 Love Kant claims that, even to save a life, the moral law is violated if a person does what? Tries to convert an atheist Stops a beating Tells a lie Gives money to a criminal According to Kant, the moral law has authority over all human beings because all humans possess what? Autonomous wills Rational emotions Free intellects Internal and external senses According to the Categorical Imperative, how does the moral person view others? As means to love As ends and means As ends in themselves As means to virtue Which general moral rule is somewhat similar to the Categorical Imperative? The Nickel Rule The Golden Rule The Diamond Rule The Copper Rule Which of the following would be considered unreasonable by the Categorical Imperative? Cultural relativism Happiness Self-interest 9 Tolerance According to Kant, which of the following cannot be known by pure reason, but we must still accept it? Metaphysics Science Moral law Reality Under principles of utilitarianism, which of the following is considered a moral act? Executing a person who is not religious Telling a lie to save a life Stealing money to live a lucrative life Making a personal sacrifice According to Mill’s utilitarianism, how is the morality of an action to be judged? By the consequences By the motives By the purpose By the circumstances Why does Mill argue that justice has value? Justice is the virtue of politicians Justice is never painful Justice creates morality Justice benefits society Why does Mill argue that utilitarianism is extremely compatible with religious doctrines of morality? Utilitarianism is practiced by church leaders Religious doctrines of personal morality express the same principles as utilitarianism God desires happiness for all people 10 God permits pain for the greater good Nietzsche’s rejection of the moral tradition concerning absolute truth in favor of examining “many sides” to truth is known as____. Agnosticism Perspectivism Dogmatism Relativism Which of the following moral traditions is severely criticized by Nietzsche? Agnosticism Judaism Atheism Buddhism What is the “herd morality” that Nietzsche often refers to? A moral code based on cooperation A moral code based on weakness A moral code based on common sense A moral code based on strength in numbers Which of the following have no definitive meaning, according to Nietzsche? Change and permanence Master and slave Weak and strong Good and evil As an extension of slave morality, Nietzsche also claims that democracy is yet another means to make people_____. Mediocre Happy 11 Proud Equal According to Hardin, “a finite world can support only a finite population.” Because of this, what must eventually happen to population growth? It must be limited to genetically superior people It must be limited to one child per family It must equal natural resource growth It must equal zero According to Hardin, the desire for increases in population and standards of living cannot be solved by____. Genetic engineering Underwater human habitat development Wealth redistribution Technological advancements What characteristic of being human does Bookchin argue causes significant destruction of nature? Naiveté Ignorance Emotion Reason What does Bookchin claim about human life’s true relationship to nature? Human life adapts to nature Human life and nature are united Human life sustains nature Human life destroys nature According to Rawls, various citizens are not entitled to receive more societal benefits because of their__. Education 12 Country Birth Productivity What is the broad underlying philosophy of Singer’s approach to helping others in need? Distributism Utilitarianism Rationalism Laissez-faire Which of the following does Singer claim is morally irrelevant concerning the need to alleviate poverty? The distance between the recipient and the giver of assistance The laws of a given country that tax the giving of assistance The success of most poverty programs in distributing assistance The educational level of people in poverty to use assistance 13