Airline Employee Work-Life Balance

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Airline Employee Work-Life Balance

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review is a concise overview of what has been studied, argued and establishes about a topic, it also entails about the major findings as well as reviewing the tools and techniques used by the previous studies. This chapter provides review of related literature associated with Work Life Balance of individuals employed in Nepalese Airline Companies. This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section consists of an in depth review of major literature and related theories. The second section presents a brief review of empirical works associated with perception of WLB and work satisfaction of employees of Nepalese Airline Companies (work-family conflict, family work conflict, family satisfaction and psychological health). The literature review has been organized under:

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a. Review of major literature and related theories

b. Review of Nepalese Literature

2.1 Review of major literature and related theories

Table 2.1

Summary of major finding

Author Major Finding
Greenhaus and Beutell, 1985
  • Work and family role interference suggests that responsibilities in separate domains such as work and family compete with each other in terms of limited time, psychological resources and physical energy, which leads to negative outcomes in both areas.
  • Participation in the work role may interfere or enhance the performance in the family role, and vice versa, participation in the family role may interfere or enhance performance in the work role.
Barnett & Rivers, 1996 Work and family role enhancement suggests that participation in multiple roles can lead to better functioning in other life domains.
Hill, Hawkins  and Miller (1996) High integration of work and family domains can lead to negative consequences, as high flexibility can blur the boundaries between those two domains
Clark (2000)
  • WLB is satisfaction and good functioning at work and at home, with a minimum of role conflict.
  • Presented a border theory according to which family and work domains are separated by borders which could be physical, temporal or psychological.
  • Domains of work and family are essential, as family and work are the most important elements of everyone’s life.
  • Higher flexibility and lower penetrability between work and family domains can result in lower work-family conflict.
  • Any competing demands of work and family life will cause conflict and negatively affect the wellbeing of workers
Edwards et al., (2000) Referred to compensation theory according to which workers try to find more satisfaction in one domain to compensate for the lack of satisfaction in the other domain.
(Grzywacz et al, 2000)
  • Studies examining WLB and workers wellbeing were mainly conducted in the United States.
  • Work-family studies have been dominated by role strain and role enhancement perspectives
  • Work-family experience is a joint function of process, individual, time and context characteristics, and does not restrict the experience to either negative or positive.
Barnett & Hyde, 2001 Family is individuals who are married with children
Greenhaus (2003)
  • WLB is the amount of time and the degree of satisfaction with the work and family role.
  • Balance between family and work domains also involves time balance, involvement balance, and satisfaction balance.
Frone (2003)
  • Presents a four-fold taxonomy of work-life balance(work-family conflict, family-work conflict, work-family enhancement and family-work enhancement, in which WLB is described as low levels of inter-role conflict and high levels of inter-role facilitation.
  • WLB can be measured by work-family and family- work conflict as well as work-family and family-work enhancement
Wise et al.,( 2003) Studies examining WLB and workers wellbeing were mainly conducted in the United Kingdom
Bochner ( 2003) Studies examining WLB and workers wellbeing were mainly conducted in the Australia and New Zealand
Collins et al., (2003) While assessing relationships between work and family domains, family life is considered as time spent with a spouse and children, ignoring other important aspects of family, such as time spent with parents, siblings and other relatives.
Rothbard et al., (2006) Refer to spill-over theory according to which any feelings
Allan, et al.,(2007) Research in sociology has been popular area of study for Work Life Balance.
Sullivan et al., (2007) Research in gender studies has been popular area of study for Work Life Balance.
Grzywacz et al., (2007)
  • WLB is an accomplishment of role-related expectations that are negotiated and shared between an individual and his/her role-related partners in the work and family domains.
  • There are different beliefs on how work-life balance should be defined, measured and researched
Lambert et al., (2007) The majority of research on the correlation between work and family life refers with WLB and organization policies/ organization culture/ Human Resource management/ work commitment/ absenteeism/gender equality/ family life.
Grady et al., (2008) Research in human resource management has been popular area of study for Work Life Balance
Kelly et al., (2008) Research in organization studies has been popular area of

study for Work Life Balance.
Grady et al., 2008
  • Work-life balance is vital for individuals’ wellbeing, organization’s performance and a functioning society.
  • WLB is more comprehensive and includes family, community, recreation and personal time.
  • WLB in its broad sense captures all aspects of employees’ personal and work life; this suggests that WLB should be focused on individuals, families, workplaces, communities, and society as a whole
Casper et al.,(2011) Employees experience more conflict between work and family.

Employees experience more conflict between work and family as they continue to follow the quality of life that they need therefor, Work Life Balance has been a necessity (Casper, Harris, Taylor-Bianco,  and Wayne, 2011). For business practices and academic research Work Life Balance has been an important topic. Research in different fields such as sociology (Allan Loudoun, R. & Peetz, 2007), psychology (Greenhaus , 2008); (Frone, 2000), Human resource management (Grady, McCarthy, Darcy, & Kirrane, 2008); (McDonald, Pini, & Bradley, 2007), organization studies (Kelly, et al., 2008) and gender studies (Sullivan & Smithson, 2007); (Hill & Buchan 2005); (Sullivan & Lewis, 2001) has been popular area of study for Work Life Balance.

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