Course Competency:

• Identify local, state, and national resources which facilitate safe and effective transitions of care for older adults.

Your supervisor at Rasmussen Home Health Services is satisfied with the resources described in your annotated bibliography and is eager for you to continue your work. As a next step, your supervisor wants you to develop and share the following items with them.

1. Write an introduction about your in-service presentation topic.
2. Create an outline that identifies and describes the important content areas for your in-service presentation topic.
3. Write a conclusion.
4. Provide an APA formatted References list that contains at least 2 credible references that you intend to cite in your presentation.

Tip: For information about creating an outline and writing an introduction or conclusion, consult the resource below.

• What are the essential parts of an introduction?
• What does a “good” outline look like? What does a full-sentence outline look like? How do I create one?
• How do I write a conclusion?

Tip: Once you receive your graded submission, be sure to review the supervisor’s feedback. You want to make sure that your next submission shows that you made appropriate improvements based on the feedback.

Submit your completed outline assignment to the drop box below. Please check the Course Calendar for specific due dates.

Save your assignment as a Microsoft Word document. (Mac users, please remember to append the “.docx” extension to the filename.) The name of the file should be your first initial and last name, followed by an underscore and the name of the assignment, and an underscore and the date. An example is shown below:

POLYPHARMACY

Annotated Bibliography

Hashimoto, R., Fujii, K., Shimoji, S., Utsumi, A., Hosokawa, K., Tochino, H., & Onda, M. (2020). Study of pharmacist intervention in polypharmacy among older patients: Non‐randomized, controlled trial. Geriatrics & gerontology international, 20(3), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13850

The paper noted the problem of increased polypharmacy among older adults. In response, healthcare has used several models which have proven effective. However, the increasing need for technology calls for more research on how digital tools can improve outcomes. The authors supported their proposal utilizing scientific evidence from systematic reviews. Additionally, during the research, they also ruled out any biases and credibility that could weaken any selected tools to reduce polypharmacy among seniors. The researchers used systematic review methods to compile evidence to test the hypothesis. From close to 2300 articles, the researchers narrowed it down to 16 research, 10 of which were randomized control trials. (Hashimoto et al.,2020)

The works indicated that computerized tools reduced inappropriate prescriptions among the elderly. The paper employs a systematic review. According to John Hopkins criteria for evaluating research, the systematic review falls under level 1. John Hopkins has highly regarded the systematic review as the source of reliable evidence. Prospero has validated the research. With the license of operation, the work meets ethical standards. The corresponding authors have prolific experience in healthcare research. They all work in Aveiro health center, which is a premier institution in patients’ care. However, the method is subject to bias since the outcomes depend on the researcher’s sections preferences. The paper calls for more RCT to investigate the feasibility of computerized tools in the management of polypharmacy. It provides the background evidence required to lead the study of polypharmacy among seniors. Therefore, the paper is relevant in healthcare since it suggests the meaningful use of technology to promote patients’ safety.

Monteiro, L., Maricoto, T., Solha, I., Ribeiro-Vaz, I., Martins, C., & Monteiro-Soares, M.

(2019). Reducing potentially inappropriate prescriptions for older patients using

computerized decision support tools: a systematic review. Journal of medical Internet

research, 21(11), e15385. https://doi: 10.2196/15385.

The increased prevalence of polypharmacy among the older adults in the country requires a collaborative response. This work delves into the multidisciplinary drug therapy intervention as a guiding model to reduce drug inappropriateness. The researchers investigated the issue among the four nursing homes using the controlled, non-randomized parallel group method. The participants both in the intervention and control groups were elderly, reporting intake of multiple medications. Necessarily, the research happened within the intervention period of six months. The dependent variable for the study was the potentially inappropriate medication (PIM). The results suggested that PIM reduced significantly among the intervention group (p=0.032). The statistical significance of the research supported multidisciplinary drug therapy interventions to reduce the incidences of drugs inappropriateness. (Monteiro et al., 2019).

The research used a design that relates to a cohort study. John Hopkins ranks these kinds of evidence at level 3. The design has more limitations that could limit the validity compared to RCT. The extended intervention period risked the loss to follow-up of the participants. However, the research proved ethical validity on the privacy of the patients’ data. Commission of human research licensed the operation. Besides, the researchers used inferential and descriptive statistics to prove the strength of association between variables. These parameters were influential in determining statistical significance.

The research calls for an interdisciplinary approach to respond to drug inappropriateness among seniors. The method has shown practice evidence to reduce the issues arising from polypharmacy. With the multifaced process, the patient receives education and directions, improving adherence and reducing inappropriateness.