Respond to the following short essay questions based on the course materials presented for weeks 1-4. You are to prepare and submit your midterm assessment in a Microsoft word document and submit as an attachment. Use proper APA for citations and format, which includes using Times New Roman (Font 12). State each topic question followed by your response in paragraph form. Your response to the questions combined should be at least 4-6 pages.

Based on the assigned readings, your responses are to be in your own words with minimal quotes. Please keep in mind that even when you paraphrase, you must properly cite. What I am looking for here are your own thoughts and opinions that demonstrate your understanding of the topics and the course materials. When you submit your midterm (word document) for grading, it will automatically be submitted to Turnitin.

Answer the following questions:

1. Describe the challenges faced by US Customs and Border Protection agents attempting to secure the border. Be sure to include:
   1. What is the functional equivalent of the border?
   2. What is the Fourth amendment exception as it pertains to border searches?
   3. How are seizure statistics used to justify the mission of border security?
2. What are “open markets and closed borders” as it pertains to smuggling, free trade, and border enforcement?
3. What are the challenges of facilitating legal border crossings while maintaining secure borders?
4. What has been the economic impact of terrorism on U.S. and Global Markets since 9/11?
5. What has been the impact of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) agreements on cross border trade in North America?

Assigned reading:

Haddel, C. C. (2010). Border security: The role of the U. S. Border Patrol. CRS Report for Congress.

Kim, Y. (2009). Protecting the U.S. Perimeter: Border Searches Under the Fourth Amendment. CRS Report for Congress.

Peters, M. E. (2015). Open trade, closed borders immigration in the era of globalization. World Politics, 67(1): 114-154.

U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2017). CBP search authority.

Best, R. A. (2011). Intelligence information: Need to know vs. need to share. CRS Report for Congress.

Bird, J. (2016). ‘Brexit’ points to the advantages of open borders versus closed. The Enterprise, 46(5), 13.

Department of Homeland Security. (2011). DHS and DOD Announce Continued Partnership in Strengthening Southwest Border Security.

Magnuson, S. (2017). The realities facing the ‘trump wall’. National Defense, 101(759), 7.

Mason, C. R. (2013). Securing America’s borders: The role of the military. CRS Report for Congress.

United States Government Accountability Office. (2012). Information sharing: DHS has demonstrated leadership and progress, but additional actions could help sustain and strengthen efforts. Washington, DC.

Cervantes-martínez, R., Villaseñor-becerra, J., & Romero-morett, M. (2016). NAFTA trade (and some extra NAFTA trade) in value added and its distribution, 1995-2011. Journal of Economic Structures, 5(1), 1-22.

Flynn, S. E. (2004). Rethinking the role of the U.S. Mexican border in the post-9/11 world. Council on Foreign Relations.

Memorandum for the secretary of state, the attorney general, the secretary of homeland security. (2017). Lanham: Federal Information & News Dispatch, Inc.

Neville, M. K. Jr. (2017). U.S. trade policy relaunch. Journal of International Taxation, 28(2), 30-39.

Office of the United States of the trade representative. (n.d.). North American Free Trade Agreement.

President Trump’s Executive Order. (2017). Addressing trade agreement violations and abuses. (2017). Lanham: Federal Information & News Dispatch, Inc.

President Trump’s Executive Order. (2017). Regarding the omnibus report on significant trade deficits. (2017). Lanham: Federal Information & News Dispatch, Inc.

President Trump’s Executive Order. (2017). Protecting the nation from foreign terrorist entry into the United States. Lanham: Federal Information & News Dispatch, Inc.

President Trump’s Executive Order. (2017). Presidential executive order on establishing enhanced collection and enforcement of antidumping and countervailing duties and violations of trade and customs laws. Lanham: Federal Information & News Dispatch, Inc.

Tomaz, M., Goldstein, J. & Rivers, D. (2005). Membership has its privileges: The impact of GATT on international trade. Stanford University. 1-28.

Wong, K., & Yu, M. (2015). Democracy and accession to GATT/WTO. Review of Development Economics, 19(4), 843 – 859.

Zarate, J. (2017). The future of counterterrorism strategy. Hampton Roads International Security Quarterly, 32.

Gallagher, A. T. (2015). Exploitation in migration: Unacceptable but inevitable. Journal of International Affairs, 68(2), 55-XIV.

Mamazizi, S., & Rostami, Y. (2016). On the examination of reasons why border dwellers tend to goods smuggling and its impacts on the non-accomplishment of economic development. World Scientific News, 52, 93-105.

Mullins, S., & Wither, J. K. (2016). Terrorism and organized crime 1. Connections : The Quarterly Journal, 15(3), 65-82.

Novakoff, R. (2015). Transnational organized crime: An insidious threat to U.S. national security interests. Prism : A Journal of the Center for Complex Operations, 5(4), 134-149.

Ortiz, L. V. (2016). Cross-border mobility and clandestine practices: Scenarios of violence in the Mexico-United States border 1. Human Organization, 75(3), 269-278.

President Trump’s Executive Order. (2017). Presidential executive order on enforcing federal law with respect to transnational criminal organizations and preventing international trafficking.

Roberts, B., Hanson, G., Cornwell, D., & Borger, S. (2010). An analysis of migrant smuggling costs along the southwest border. Office of Immigration Statistics, Department of Homeland Security, Tech. Rep.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2016). Transnational organized crime: The globalized illegal economy.

Supplemental Readings:

The White House. (2011). Strategy to combat transnational organized crime: Addressing converging threats to national security. Washington, D.C.