1.Describe the general structure of an Ig, including the types of bonds/interactions that maintain their structural integrity, where the antigen binds, and identifying the various regions/portions that can be identified by proteolytic cleavage. Which structural component of Igs is responsible for their effector functions? Explain

2.Describe the structural and functional similarities and differences between Igs and TCRs, as well as the BCR and TCR complexes.

3. Name the different types of Igs in humans, how the heavy chains they contain are named/designated, and the types of light chains they can possibly contain. How are types of light chains distributed with respect to the types of heavy chains? Explain.

4. Indicate which Ig(s) satisfy the following characteristics. Most abundant in blood and internal bodily fluids. Most abundant in mucosal surfaces . Present on naïve B cells and . Can bind the greatest number of antigens in secreted form .

5. Describe the difference between affinity and avidity, then explain the parameter used to quantify affinity and how its magnitude changes when the affinity of Igs for antigen increases.

6. Regarding the formation of monoclonal antibodies, explain how B cells specific for a desired antigen are generated.

7. Regarding the formation of monoclonal antibodies, describe the genetically engineered mutation that the myeloma cells used carry and the consequence of said mutation.

8.Regarding the formation of monoclonal antibodies, explain what the HAT medium is, specifying the function of its components, and how it selectively allows fused hybridoma cells to survive

9,Regarding the formation of monoclonal antibodies, explain how the hybridoma clones that produce the desired Ig are identified.

10. Regarding the formation of monoclonal antibodies, explain the two methods by which monoclonal antibodies meant for use in humans can be made less immunogenic.

11.Explain the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and what is produced in the human body upon immunization or exposure to an antigen.

12.Describe the components of the BCR and TCR complexes that are directly or indirectly associated with signal transduction upon encounter with antigen.

13. Describe the events associated with B cell maturation, including the various checkpoints that must be met for the various precursor cells to proceed to the next stages of the process.

14. Distinguish between positive and negative selection of B cells and the events associated with each.

15. Explain how the germline genome is altered to generate the genes than encode for the variable regions of Igs and TCRs. Which of the two types of chains that make up these receptors will display the greatest combinatorial diversity?

16. Explain the role of allelic exclusion and receptor editing during antigen receptor gene rearrangement.

17. Explain how B cells produce Igs with either a kappa (?) of lambda (?) light chain.

18. Explain what junctional diversity is and its significance in generating the diverse repertoire of antigen receptors.