Short answer instructions: Answer each of the following questions in 1-3 sentences. (4pts each) 1. According to Tolstoy, what brings meaning to life? Discuss both his rational and non-rational possibilities. 2. Does Nozick agree with Tolstoy? Why or why not? Explain in detail. 3. Why is philosophy said to begin with Thales? 4. In what two major ways did Parmenides’ thoughts differ from the philosophers who came before him regarding philosophy and the nature of reality? 5. Describe the view of Anaximenes. In other words, what did he think was wrong with previous views, and what did he suggest was the correct theory? 6. In the Euthyphro, what did Socrates claim was wrong with saying that piety and justice were simply the same thing? 7. In the Euthyphro, what did Socrates think was wrong with defining piety as that which the gods love? 8. What did Plato claim the two biggest problems with democracy were? 9. Plato took a special interest in women that wouldn’t be matched for centuries to come. What role were women to play in each of the three classes? 10. What are the two possible definitions of perfect goodness? Which one is normally accepted as church doctrine? Why do you think is the correct definition? Essay instructions: For each section, there are two possible questions to answer. PICK AND ANSWER ONLY ONE OF EACH SET. Answer each question with the intent to show as much understanding as possible. Don’t just show me that you’ve memorized some key words. Show me that you understand the ideas and arguments. This will require explaining yourself in detail. 1. A. Describe the view of Epicurus. A complete answer will discuss his belief about the role of philosophy, which view of reality he held and the role it plays in his philosophy, what this view of reality implies about God, what he believed is the foundation of morality, how we live the best life possible, and why we shouldn’t fear death. OR B. Explain the Ontological Argument, Guanilo’s objection to the argument, Anselm’s possible response to the objection, and our final objection regarding the angle/integer. Although you do not have to write out the premise by premise argument, this will require you to list his major starting assumptions and discuss the general reasoning of the argument. 2. A. Discuss Plato’s political philosophy. A complete answer will include discussions of his theory of the origin of the state, when the city is just, what classes we will find in the city, why we need each class, how people are divided into those classes, what makes a good member of each class, how he plans to keep people content with their positions, and a general discussion of the benefits of his desired government over democracy. OR B. Describe Socrates’ project. In other words, discuss what he was searching for, why he thought this search was important, how he went about searching for this thing, discuss how this is all exemplified in the Euthyphro, What the biggest problem was for Socrates’ view, how this all relates to the Allegory of the Cave, and finally a very quick description as to how Plato’s theory solves this problem.