SECTION&A
1 τί! ον! ν! μν! χαλεπαίν! οτος,! ν! φαμεν! δοξάζειν! λλ’! ο
γιγνώσκειν,! κα μφισβητ ς! οκ! ληθ! λέγομεν;! ξομέν! τι!
παραμυθεσθαι! ατν! κα! πείθειν! ρέμα,! πικρυπτόμενοι! τι! οχ!
γιαίνει;
“Suppose,!now,!he!who!we!say!opines!but!does!not!know!should!be!angry!
and!challenge!our!statement!as!not!true.!!Can!we!find!any!way!of!soothing!
him!and!gently!winning!him!over,!without!telling!him!too!plainly!that!he!
is!not!in!his!right!mind?”!(trans.!P.!Shorey)
Republic’5.476d7–e2
Should!he!who!“opines!but!does!not!know”!let!himself!be!persuaded!by!
Socrates’!argument?
2 … μνήμων,! εμαθής,! μεγαλοπρεπής,! εχαρις,! φίλος! τε! κα! συγγενς!
ληθείας,!δικαιοσύνης,!νδρείας,!σωφροσύνης.
“… of!good!memory,! quick!apprehension,!magnificent,!gracious,! friendly!
and!akin!to!truth,!justice,!bravery!and!sobriety.”!(trans.!P.!Shorey)
Republic’6.487a4–5
How!plausible!is!it! that!one!who!loves!wisdom!will!have!all! these!other!
qualities?
3 Expound!and!assess!Plato’s!image!of!the!ship!of!state.
4 Can! any! rational! sense! be! attached! to! Plato’s! comparisons! between! the!
sun!and!the!good?
5 How! plausible! an! account! of! our! cognitive! faculties! is! offered! by! t
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6 τατα!τοίνυν!κα ρτι!πεχείρουν!λέγειν,!ς!τ!μν!παρακλητικ!τς!
διανοίας!στί,! τ! δ’! ο,!! μν! ες! τν! ασθησιν!μα! τος!ναντίοις!
αυτος!μπίπτει,!παρακλητικ ριζόμενος,!σα!δ!μή,!οκ!γερτικ
τς!νοήσεως.
“This,!then,!is!just!what!I!was!trying!to!explain!a!little!while!ago!when!I!
said!that!some!things!are!provocative!of!thought!and!some!are!not,!
defining!as!provocative!those!things!that!impinge!upon!the!senses!
together!with!their!opposites,!while!those!that!do!not!I!said!do!not!tend!
to!awaken!reflection.”!(trans.!P.!Shorey)
Republic’7.524d1–4
Exactly!what!is!‘provocative!of!thought’,!and!why?
7 προβλήμασιν! ρα,! ν! δ’! γώ,! χρώμενοι! σπερ! γεωμετρίαν! οτω! κα
στρονομίαν!μέτιμεν,!τ!δ’!ν!τ!οραν άσομεν,!ε!μέλλομεν!ντως!
στρονομίας! μεταλαμβάνοντες! χρήσιμον! τ! φύσει! φρόνιμον! ν! τ
ψυχ ξ!χρήστου!ποιήσειν.
“It!is! by!means! of! problems,! then,”! said! I,! “as!in! the! study! of! geometry,!
that!we!will! pursue!astronomy! too,!and!we!will!let! be! the! things!in! the!
heavens,!if!we!are!to!have!a!part!in!the!true!science!of!astronomy!and!so!
convert!to!right!use!from!uselessness!that!natural!indwelling!intelligence!
of!the!soul.”!(trans.!P.!Shorey)
Republic’7.530b6–c2
What!is!to!be!said!for!the!claim!that!true!astronomy!ignores!the!things!in!

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SECTION&B
8 Either&(a)’What!kind!of!monist!was!Parmenides?
Or& (b)’ Does! Zeno! refute! himself! by! travelling! to! Athens! from! Elea?!!
Explain!your!answer.
9 Describe! and! assess! the! roles! of! Love! and! Strife! in! Empedoclean!
cosmology.
10 τ! δ! γίνεσθαι! κα πόλλυσθαι! οκ! ρθς! νομίζουσιν! ο λληνες·!
οδν!γρ!χρμα!γίνεται!οδ πόλλυται,!λλ’!π όντων!χρημάτων!
συμμίσγεταί! τε! κα! διακρίνεται.! κα! οτως! ν! ρθς! καλοεν! τό! τε!
γίνεσθαι!συμμίσγεσθαι!κα!τ πόλλυσθαι!διακρίνεσθαι.
“The!Greeks!are!wrong!to!recognize!coming!into!being!and!perishing;!for!
nothing! comes! into! being! nor! perishes,! but! is! rather! compounded! or!
dissolved!from!things!that!are.!!So!they!would!be!right!to!call!coming!into!
being!composition!and!perishing!dissolution.”
ANAXAGORAS!fr.!17,!trans.!G.!Kirk,!J.!Raven,!and!M.!Schofield
How!successfully!does!Anaxagoras’!cosmology!explain!coming!to!be!and!
perishing?
11 What! are! Democritus’! arguments! for! the! conclusion! that! things! are! “in!
reality”!(τε)!atoms!and!void?!!Are!they!persuasive?
12 In!Plato’s!Republic,!does!Socrates!have!a!good!argument! for! the!analogy!
between!justice!in!the!soul!and!justice!in!the!city?!!Explain!your!answer.
13 In!Plato’s!Parmenides,!Socrates!wonders!how!best!to!explain!how!all!large!
things! are! large! by! sharing! in! the! Large! itself.! ! Why! might! this! be! a!
problem!and!how!should!Socrates!solve!it?
14 Explain!and!evaluate!the!criteria!for!being!a!substance!(οσία)!accor
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15 τ νθρώπινον γαθν!ψυχς!νέργεια!γίνεται!κατ’!ρετήν.
“The! human! good! turns! out! to! be! activity! of! soul! in! accordance! with!
excellence.”
ARISTOTLE Νicomachean’Εthics’1098a16–17,!trans.!C.!Rowe
Outline and evaluate the argument that Aristotle offers for this conclusion.
16 Does! Aristotle’s! conception! of! form! and! matter! allow! him! to! offer! a!
successful! account! of! the! relationship! between! the! soul! and! the! body?!!
Explain!your!answer.
17 Either&(a)’ Why! did! Epicurus! worry! that,! if! every! proposition! is! either!
true!or!false,!then!our!future!actions!are!all!predetermined?!!Was!he!right!
to!worry?
Or& (b)’ Can! Stoic! physics! accommodate! a! satisfying! account! of! moral!
responsibility?!!Explain!your!answer.
18 What! is! to! be! said! in! favour! of! the! Epicureans’! notion! that! atoms! are!
composed! of! “minimal! parts”! (λάχιστα,! minima)?! ! What! is! to! be! said!
against?
19 Either& (a)’ nullum! esse! uisum! uerum! a! sensu! profectum! cui! non!
adpositum!sit!uisum!aliud!quod!ab!eo!nihil!intersit!quodque!percipi!non!
possit.
“There! is! no! true! impression! derived! from! the! senses! that! may! not! be!
paired!with!another!impression!that!doesn’t!differ!from!it!at!all!but!isn’t!
apprehensible.”
CICERO Academica’2.83,!trans.!C.!Brittain
The! Stoics!wish! to! deny! this! Academic! claim.! !How! successful! are! their!
ar
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Or (b)’ Does! the! existence! of! optical! illusions! undermine! the!
Epicurean!claim!that!“all!perceptions!are!true”?!!Explain!your!answer.
[TURN&OVER
20 Either&(a)’Explain!the!role!of!the!“Agrippan!modes”!in!Pyrrhonism.
Or& (b)’ Explain! and! assess! the! Pyrrhonist! claim! that! a! life! of! sceptical!
inquiry!will!lead!to!tranquillity!of!mind!(ταραξία).