references included) is required. A minimum of four (4) scholarly references along with in-text citations is also required for this assignment. However, each question ask for different things so please pay attention. Also, although this assignment is in APA format; please keep the question and answer line up (see example below) For Example: Question: XYZ Answer: XYZ Reference: XYZ Note: Please FOLLOW instructions and keep the above format. Each question is separate. DO NOT COMBINE. 1. Knowledge: What population trends are most important to the planning, financing and delivery of healthcare? Please address all three separately. 2. Comprehension: Explain the implications for healthcare based on the geographic / demographic / psychographic trends. Please address all three separately. 3. Application: Give an example either real life, metaphor, poem, analogy that exemplifies the consequences of the population trends for healthcare including how healthcare is financed. 4. Analysis: What is your analysis of the root causes of these population trends? (Demographic / Geographic / Psychographic) How does/do the population trend(s) compare (comparative analysis) to other major trends affecting the healthcare industry. Select at least one population trend and one other trend. 5. Synthesis: Suggest a new or unique idea that will improve how healthcare addresses the new demands for healthcare based on population trends and how it might be financed. 6. Evaluation: How is your idea better/same/worse than the current best plans/theories/practices in addressing how the healthcare system might meet the new population demands? How does your financing/payment plan improve the system? Instructors Note: Each of these needn’t be long or expansive. Brevity is the soul of wit (Shakespeare). Practice efficiency and directness in your answers. Get to the point quickly. Avoid unnecessary “backfill”. Every word needs to make a contribution to the end points that you intend to make. Part Two Write a 150 word response to each discussion post. A minimum of two references per post is required. In-text citations must be included and cited properly. Note: Write the response as if you are talking to a person in person. 1. Knowledge Population trends impact healthcare through identification the “need, demand and use” of associated services. Three population trends include demographic, geographic and psychographic (Williams & Torrens, 2018). Demographic Trends are changes in aspects of populations that can be measured such as sex, age or race. Demography itself is the “act of counting people” (Cohn & Caumont, 2018). Geographic trends are changes or characteristics that are specific to certain regions (Hudson, 2012) Psychographic trends are those that categorized populations based on “psychological variables (such as attitudes, values, or fears” (MerriamWebster, 2018). Comprehension Changes is demographics influence the direction of healthcare and the delivery system. Since people on average are living longer, the senior population is growing and will need additional healthcare services and resources to meet their needs. This population as a whole will require long term care services and medical management of chronic health conditions for longer periods of time than generations before. Having to do so for longer periods of time, and for more people, places additional financial strain on the overall healthcare industry. Additionally, sources report that there is a trend of a growing middle class who is more accustomed to a sedentary lifestyle which places them more at risk of obesity, diabetes and other chronic health conditions. The cost to treat and manage such conditions will contribute to increased healthcare cost (Walters, 2018). There are some areas or regions in the U.S. that experience a disproportionate rate of diseases or health conditions than the general population. For example, regions within the U.S. have higher rates of HIV. In 2016, it was estimated that Southern states alone accounted for 53 percent of new AIDS diagnoses and 46 percent of individuals with HIV (CDC, 2018). The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Southern States contributes to the existing higher mortality rate than the general population (NCBI, 2014). Another geographic trend in healthcare is the disparity of healthcare access across regions within the America with highest rates occurring in rural and urban areas (Hudson, 2012). Poor or lack of access to quality healthcare is a systematic barriers for populations, and research has alluded to a link between poor healthcare quality and increased healthcare cost in the long run (Nuckoic, Escarace & Asch, 2013). Psychological factors influence healthcare needs, use and demand. The sedentary lifestyle that many Americans are privy to places them more at risk of obesity, diabetes and other chronic health conditions. The cost to treat and manage such conditions will contribute to increased healthcare cost (Walters, 2018). Additionally, the growing desire for convenience and ease of technology use has help lead the way for increased popularity of telemedicine. Telehealth is becoming more respected as the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) will start reimbursing providers for some “virtual care visits” in 2019 (Landi, 2018). Application/Transfer The Division of Tenn Care has expanded long term services and supports to allow seniors that meet nursing facility level of care to choose to receive care in the home through the CHOICES program instead of being admitted long term into nursing facilities. This choice helps to reduce or minimize Medicaid spending as it typically cost less to care for individuals in their home versus them going to live in nursing home facilities. This program also helps to transition these residents out of nursing facilities and back into the community through the provision of an array of home and community based care and services (Division of Tenn Care, 2018). Memphis Tennessee is one area within the Southern region of the U.S. with that is said to have a higher rate of HIV than the general population. According to World AIDS Day statistic, Memphis Tennessee was rated number 6 on the list of top cities with new HIV Diagnosis in 2016 (Sopelsa, 2016). Currently, Shelby County has a federally funded program, the Ryan White Program which provides support services, access to medical care and medication assistance for individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Prior to the ACA, many individuals with HIV/AIDS were uninsurable due to their illness being “pre existing”. Therefore, the Ryan White Program assured healthcare access for this population of individuals. For those that have obtain healthcare access through the ACA, the Ryan White Program fills gaps in coverage to assure that this populations’ healthcare needs are met (Johnson & Heisler, 2015). With ongoing advances in medications and heightened access to necessary medical services, individuals with HIV/AIDS are living longer. HIV/AIDS is no longer considered a “death sentence”. The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion launched Healthy People 2020 in 2010 to help encourage and empower individuals to practice healthy lifestyles through community engagement, research and development of evidence-based knowledge on local, state and national levels. This initiative has been extended for 2030 which includes new identified objectives (Healthy People, 2018). Analysis Overall population is living longer and requiring longer care than generations before (Walters, 2018). Strength; people are living longer, mortality rate decreasing. Weakness; Will contribute to rising healthcare cost and healthcare resources may become limited or challenging to access due to growing population size. Root causes; population appears to be growing at a faster rate than resources (Walters, 2018). HIV/AIDS prevalence in Southern states of American. Strengths; Individuals with HIV/AIDS should not be denied due to pre existing condition under the ACA. The Ryan White Program helps to fill in healthcare gaps and provides support and assistance to individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Weakness; Services under the Ryan White program is last resort. Individuals transitioning from the Ryan White Programs to a plan under the ACA were faced with high premiums for care (Johnson & Heisler, 2015).Rates of HIV/AIDS in southern states (collectively) remain higher than some other states (CDC, 2018). Root cause: Sources suggest that the root cause of the disproportionate rate of HIV/AIDS in the southern states is poverty (Sangarmoorthy & Richardson, 2017). Increased sedentary lifestyle of American Strengths; There are resources backed by the government to promote healthy lifestyles, such as Healthy 2020 and Health 2030 Weakness: risk of obesity, diabetes and other chronic health conditions. Root cause: Fewer kids play outside, more teen are attracted to technology that does not require physical activities, and adults are not getting enough physical activity (Berl, 2012). Synthesis: Aging population living longer (Solution) Explore more options to allow seniors more access to receive care in the home setting instead of admission into a nursing facility being the primary option. For example, telemedicine is growing (Landi, 2018) and may be a good option for seniors with mobility issues. However, some seniors are not technical “savvy” and may struggle with technology. A community program aimed to increase the technical knowledge of seniors may help empower them to navigate technology and the healthcare system. HIV & AIDS prevalence in the South (Solution) Exploring of more early intervention programs to educate and empower children and adolescent to make healthy decisions. Participants may learn and develop healthier decision making skills over time, Sedentary Lifestyles (Solution) Health plans to offer recipients incentives or rewards for proof of participation in activities that promote healthy lifestyles, such as attending exercise programs, losing weight, attending a walk for charity or participating in a weight management program. Or the incentive can be in the form of lower premiums for ongoing participation in healthy lifestyle activities. The system may help health plan recipients to learn or develop healthier lifestyles over time. I am aware of companies who provide Health and Wellness incentives to their employees (Mckesson, 2018) but I am not aware of a health plan that invests in their customers to this degree. Evaluation: Aging population living longer: I am not aware of any widely known programs that helps seniors to navigate technology by providing them with “hands on” learning. However, the Philadelphia Gays New reported an event held in 2014 that “talked about” the importance of seniors being able to navigate technology in order to access available resources in the community (PGN, 2014). Just talking about the need for seniors to understand technology only raises awareness. However, my idea would provide direct “hands on ” teaching to the seniors and will welcome skilled volunteers as “tech tutors”. HIV & AIDS prevalence in the South: I am almost certain that early intervention programs to educate and empower children and adolescent to make healthy decisions is not an original idea. Once factor involved in the disproportionate rate of HIV/AIDS in the southern states is poverty ((Sangarmoorthy & Richardson, 2017). Although not targeted specifically as an intervention to reduce the occurrences of HIV and AIDS, there are other early childhood programs such as Head Start geared toward children from low-income families (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018). However, the success of such programs is questionable. Sedentary Lifestyles: Car Insurance companies offer incentives and rewards for clean driving records. However, I am not aware of a health plan that gives incentives and rewards of the degree described to their customers (who are not employees) other than free wellness visits without having to pay and co pay or deductible. The new solution would allow recipients of health plans to receive a certain amount of wellness dollars per each quarter for participation in different types of activities that promote healthily lifestyles. This would be a win -win situation because some recipient may become more motivated to participate in health conscious activities, and in doing so, may benefit from improved health outcome. Additionally, in the long run, the health plan may save money from as the recipients health outcomes improve. 2. Knowledge – One of the demographic trends that is taking place today is the “aging of the population” (Williams & Torrens, 2008). The number of people in this group is expected to increase in the future and their healthcare challenges are expected to multiply. The consequences of this situation is that they may require more use of the healthcare services. Older adults are impacted by drug misuse, and the problem is not defined to just one age group. People from this age group that are trying to get help with the problem is a positive aspect on a personal level and a health care industry level. This “will place increasing demands and cost” on the healthcare system (Han, Polydorou, Ferris, Blaum, Ross, & McNeely, 2015). The challenges as an industry, will be to meet the higher needs for healthcare for this age population. According to the World Health Organization, “burden of chronic disease on health systems internationally is rapidly increasing” (Tedesco, Barton, O’Flynn, 2017). The ideas for the chronic disease is to prevent them. When people are impacted by chronic diseases, they need to have help and education offered to them to help them manage the disease. “Fertility is a key determinant that affects health services utilization” (Williams & Torrens, 2008). Fertility is similar to family planning. It takes into consideration that some people are able to have children, while others are not. Economically challenged individuals are at a disadvantage due to not having the resources available to enhance the childbearing process. “Education” is a contributing factor that occurs in family planning by correlation (Baudin, de la Croix, Cobbi, 2015). “Trends by geographic area” indicates how diseases in one location may be different in another area (Xie, Onysko, & Morrison, 2018). Diseases may impact people differently in one area as compared to another area. Some of the differences may occur due to circumstances in their immediate surroundings. Healthcare financing takes place through employer “sponsored plans, private health insurance, Medicare, Medicaid” and personal direct payments (Williams & Torrens, 2008). The trend in health care financing is expected to move from “fee for service” to “value based purchasing” (Mkanta, Natta, Basireddy, English, & de Grubb, 2016). This trend is expected to continue in the future. It is created to encourage providers to give great customer service to their patients. It will help to determine their payments. This new method will be a challenge for healthcare organizations since the fee for service has been used for many years. This will impact healthcare in the upcoming years. Comprehension This has been noticed in observing, that patients are willing to travel long distances to obtain healthcare services that may not have been available near their home. This is one of the geographic trends. CHAPTER 3 Population and Disease Patterns and Trends Stephen J. Williams H I G G S , CHAPTER TOPICS LEARNING OBJECTIVES S H A Fertility Trends in the United States Mortality Trends in the United States N Specific Causes of Death for the U.S. I Population Incidence of Infectious Diseases C Lifestyle Patterns and Disease Q Health, Lifestyle, and Social Structure U Measuring the Impact of Illness on Society A Access to Health Care Services Need, Demand, and Utilization Upon completing this chapter, the reader should be able to The Underlying Demographic Determinants of Health Services Utilization 1. Trace U.S. demographic trends including births and deaths. 2. Understand correlates of mortality, especially with regard to the impact of population trends. 3. Understand disease patterns in the United States. 4. Relate lifestyle, behavior, and social patterns to health. 5. Appreciate cancer survival trends. 6. Understand issues of access to care. 1 1 0 5 T S 41 Copyright 2008 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 42 Disease patterns throughout history and the underlying social and demographic characteristics of our population provide empirical evidence from which to view the need and demand for health care services in the United States. The principal purposes of this chapter include the review of fundamental demographic, social, and economic trends in our nation, principally throughout the past century, and of patterns of morbidity, mortality, and other aspects of the measurement of the incidence and prevalence of disease. Analytical, epidemiologic measurement of H these patterns illuminate the underlying factors that define the nature of health care services required for I our nation. The chapter also presents quantitative G information that reflects the impact of illness and G disease on our longevity and health status. Factoring in the impact of illness and disease further enhances S our appreciation for the challenges and trade-offs , faced by our nation’s health care system. An additional purpose of this chapter is to review population, disease, and illness trends and to S relate these trends to issues of access to health care services. Access to care is a core theme throughout H this book and a key health policy issue facing our A nation. This chapter associates the various social, demographic, and disease patterns experienced N by our nation with measures of access to health care I and interpretation of these measures as a contributor to the national health policy debate. C The analysis presented here first focuses on the Q underlying demographic trends in our society during the twentieth century. Social and economic U trends that define the character of our society and A relate to the need and demand for health care services are also discussed. The next section of the chapter focuses on disease 1 patterns experienced in the past century. Differential 1 mortality and morbidity are presented to emphasize the importance of such variables as age, race, and 0 sex in defining population groups at particular risk 5 for various diseases. Ultimately, identification of risk factors and their association with various personal, T sociodemographic, and physiological characteristics, S and genetic markers will greatly heighten our ability to target health services to individuals in the greatest need for each category of care. PART ONE Overview of the Health Services System All aspects of this chapter are integrally related to virtually every other section of this book. The nature of the delivery system itself, including the settings in which services are provided, the nature of services, the technology of our system, and even the financing of care are all directly related to the underlying disease patterns that we experience. This chapter sets the stage and forms part of the foundation of knowledge necessary for critically assessing how the health care system is structured. Our ability to measure performance within the system itself, including access to and outcomes of care, and the costs of illness, is related to these fundamental trends as well. Ultimately, the success of the system should be measured against criteria that recognize the true needs of the population with regard …