Either (a) What is the problem Russell was trying to solve with his theory of
descriptions? Was he successful?
Or (b) What is the problem Frege was trying to solve with his theory of
sense? Was he successful?
2 Either (a) Are verbs of action variably polyadic?
Or (b) Why does it matter what the ‘logical form’ of a sentence is?
3 Either (a) For which intuitive modalities is S4 a suitable logic?
Or (b) Explain with examples a tableau (‘tree’) system for the modal
logic S5.
4 Must axioms be true?
5 Either (a) ‘The use of words is to be sensible marks of ideas, and the ideas
they stand for are their proper and immediate signification’
(LOCKE). Discuss.
Or (b) Are the meanings of words established by convention?
6 In what sense, if any, must a theory of meaning take the form of a theory of truth?
7 Is water necessarily H20?
8 Is there any good reason to doubt that the law of the excluded middle is a law of
logic?
9 Could there be an impossible world?
10 Explain the difference between referential and substitutional readings of the
quantifiers.