1. ‘Meaning must be compositional, since a meaningful sentence is nothing
more than a meaningful arrangement of meaningful parts.’ Discuss.
2. Is there any sentence whose meaning is given by its verification
conditions?
3. ‘The problem with the correspondence theory of truth is vacuity rather than
falsehood.’ Discuss.
4. EITHER (a) What is the logical form of the common saying ‘nothing comes
from nothing’?
OR (b) Is there anything wrong with empty singular terms such as ‘Vulcan’
or ‘1/0’?
5. Is there an important difference between the grammatical and logical forms
of an argument?
6. What is the philosophical significance of the fact that in ordinary language
we sometimes give one object two different names?
7. Using Kripke models, provide a semantics for the modal logic S4. Give an
axiomatization of S4 and, using the semantics, argue that it is sound.
8. ‘Intuitionists cannot deny the law of excluded middle because
¬(A ∨¬A) is contradictory even in intuitionistic logic.’ Discuss.
9. To what extent do Hilbert’s axioms provide a theory of geometry?
10. Show that any truth function of propositional logic can be expressed using
only conjunction, disjunction and negation. Argue that there is a truth
function that cannot be expressed using only material implication.