REVIEW OF LITERATURE

“When you take stuff from one writer it’s a plagiarism

But when you take it from many writers it’s a research”

Wilson Mizner

Researchers almost nerve conduct a study in an intellectual vaccum. Literature reviews can serve a number of important functions in the research process. Researchers undertake a literature review to familiarize themselves with the knowledge base. A thorough literature review helps to pay the foundation for a study, and can inspires new research ideas. Review of literature is defined as a broad, comprehensive in depth, systemic and crucial review of scholarly publication, unpublished scholarly print materials, audio visual material and personal communication.

Review of literature is arranged under the following headings.

• Review related to reproductive health.
• Review related to menstrual hygiene.
• Review related to sexual behavior and sex education.
• Review related to sexually transmitted disease and AIDS.
• Review related to usage of contraceptives.
• Review related to problems of visually challenged women.

Review related to reproductive health

Neelam mann., (2010) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of a planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding puberty among pre adolescent girls in Vijaya English school at Hassan, In that study shows percentage of knowledge in each aspect puberty such as anatomy and physiology, characteristics of puberty, menstrual hygiene and sexually transmitted dieases, before planned teaching programme. Preadolescent girls are having below average knowledge on all aspects except menstrual hygiene. Over all knowledge score shows girls are having only 33.52% of knowledge before the administration of planned teaching programme. It means they are able to answer on an average 8 questions out of 25 total questions before PTP pre adolescents girls are having more than 70% knowledge on all aspects of puberty, the overall percentage of post test knowledge on different aspects of puberty after the planned teaching program, on an average adolescent girls increased 80.71% of knowledge after the planned teaching programme regarding puberty.

Kibert.M., (2009) conducted a study to assess the reproductive health knowledge, attitude and practice among high school students in Bihar Dar, Ethopia. This study was carried out to investigate the reproductive health knowledge, attitude and practice of high school students in Bihar Dar, Ethiopia. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaire and focus group discussions. The study revealed that the students had high level knowledge of contraceptives and where to obtain contraceptive services; however, level of use was low. Some of the reasons given for not using contraceptives include lack of access to services, carelessness, unplanned sexual intercourse and pressure from sexual partner. The study indicates that young people engage in sexual relationships at an early age without protection or with unsafe non-conventional methods. There was no significant difference between the demographic variables and contraceptive use at first intercourse. Educational level of the respondents was the only demographic variable that had significant association with sexual experience (p < 0.05). We recommend improved access to family planning information and services and family life education programme based on the needs and experience of these young people as a potential solution to alleviate their reproductive health problems.

Jyoti vinod., (2008) conducted a study to assess the effect of planned teaching programme on knowledge, attitude and practice of adolescents in relation to the reproductive health in selected shelter homes in Mumbai, among a population of 60 adolescents in that 30 boys and 30 girls who were selected by convenient sampling technique and data were collected by self reporting technique. Findings shows that pretest knowledge score is 63% and post test score is 91% with regard to knowledge changed in the adolescence was markedly increase in boys and girls from 23% and 19% to 70% and 83% respectively. So it shows the effectiveness of the teaching programme on reproductive health.

Jeyashri.G.Itti., (2007) conducted a study that to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on selected aspects of reproductive health among the rural adolescents girls. In the pre test 69.77% of the subjects had poor knowledge, where as post test scores showed that 96.5% of subjects had good knowledge. This result related to the post test knowledge (mean 34.35) scores showed that the adolescent girls had a significantly higher score on reproductive health than the pre test (mean 21.81). The “t” value of 31.30 was significant at 0.001 level of significance and the investigator concluded overall pre test knowledge about reproductive health was poor, there was need planned teaching programme, post test result showed significant improvement in knowledge of reproductive health.

Sharddha.A, Bharti.B.M., (2006) conducted a study about reproductive health in urban slums at Mumbai. In that 200 couples interviewed, 53% males were in the 26-30yrs age group and 34% females in the 21-25 yrs age group. At the time of marriage 41% of males were below 21yrs of age and 56% of females below 18yrs. 48% males and 40% females were educated, and 26% couples had 4 children. 94% females delivered at home with the help of traditional dai. 93% had received tetanus toxoid injection during ANC period, 32% of couples didn’t have any knowledge about contraceptives and though 21% had the knowledge they did not use any contraceptive. Now it concluded there was poor utilization of the reproductive child health services provided by the government, lack of awareness regarding child health services provided by the government, lack of awareness regarding birth spacing and very low use of contraceptives.

Zulkitli., (2000) conducted a study to assess the determinants of sexual intercourse among unmarried adolescents on sexual practices in Malaysia. Overall results shows that the propotion of unmarried adolescents who have sexual intercourse is about 13% boys, (18.8%) are more likely to be sexuality experienced than girls (7.11%) by religion, Buddhist reported last experienced (6%) followed by Muslims (12%) and others (21%) for the more, 72% of adolescent engages in sex without considering the use of contraceptives. So through this study the researcher concluded that adolescents need sex education during school period as early as possible.

Becker.H., et.al. (1997) conducted a study about the reproductive health care experiences of women with physical disabilities and how reproductive health care experiences could be improved. A qualitative interview study was conducted. Ten women, ages 28 to 47 years, with physical disabilities, including multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and paralysis, were recruited through the investigators co