McKeiver v. Pennsylvania held that juveniles do not have the constitutional right to what? A. a free lawyer if they cannot afford one B. bail C. appeal D. a jury trial Which of the following sanctions cannot be given by a juvenile court? A. death penalty B. detention C. prison D. probation Breed v. Jones severely restricted the conditions under which transfers from what may occur? A. juvenile detention to adult prison B. the juvenile’s home state C. juvenile to adult court D. one county to another Ex Parte Crouse, built around the doctrine of parens patriae, clarified the power states had over what? A. sentencing children to death B. committing children to institutions C. holding children in pretrial detention D. managing status offenders A new type of youth gang that is school based and less organized in criminal activity is what? A. foster gang B. relative gang C. comparative gang D. hybrid gang In colonial America, a juvenile was considered to be an adult in court at what age? A. seven B. nine C. twelve D. fourteen The first juvenile court was established in 1899 in the state of A. California B. Texas C. Wisconsin D. Illinois 2.5 Points There has been a 300% increase the past 10 years in school-based incidents being referred to what courts? A. teen courts B. district courts C. juvenile courts D. circuit courts a juvenile is charged with a status offense, what is the lowest evidentiary standard that can be used by the judge to support the finding? A. beyond a reasonable doubt B. preponderance of the evidence C. what is fair D. least restrictive alternative In the 2011 Monitoring the Future (MTF. survey by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, for the first time, high school seniors reported the use of which synthetic drug? A. PCP B. LSD C. cocaine D. marijuana The reform school was a product created by what? A. the New Deal B. the child savers movement C. the Juvenile Court Act of 1880 D. Supreme Court decision 2.5 Points The common law principle of parens patriae allows what? A. allowed the state to take the place of parents B. allowed the parents to disown their children C. allowed children to become independent for “informing” on their parents D. allowed the state to sue parents for neglect Which case established criteria for transferring juvenile offenders into adult court? A. Kent v. United States B. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania C. Breed v. Jones D. Schall v. Martin Which case brought forth to the Supreme Court the issue of preventive detention for juveniles? A. Kent v. United States B. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania C. Breed v. Jones D. Schall v. Martin The purpose of a preliminary hearing in juvenile court is to __________. A. determine if there is probable cause to proceed with trial B. determine if the juvenile will be detained pending trial C. appoint counsel for the juvenile defendant D. impose sentencing Which of the following is NOT a situation in which the juvenile court would assume authority over a juvenile? A. The juvenile’s welfare was threatened. B. The juvenile was mentally ill. C. The juvenile was a status offender. D. The juvenile was a delinquent Which case determined that juveniles cannot be tried in both juvenile and adult courts for the same offense? A. Kent v. United States B. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania C. Breed v. Jones D. Schall v. Martin Real justice conferencing and Youth Aid Panels are examples of what type of program? A. diversionary programs B. programs for status offenders C. child victim programs D. juvenile crackdown programs Which of the following has been a response to recent violence on school property? A. teaching strategies for responding to shooters B. screening for weapons at school C. creating laws making schools “gun free” zones D. all of the above What are treatment programs designed to support the transition of offenders from prison back into the community known as? A. retributive corrections B. community-based corrections C. parole services D. determinate sentencing Of the types of drugs discussed, which one has been said to commonly increase aggression? A. cocaine B. alcohol C. marijuana D. heroin In contrast to the traditional adjudication process, drug court programs are what? A. highly ineffective B. successfully reducing recidivism C. under question as to their effectiveness D. more expensive than straight incarceration The first major piece of federal antidrug legislation was which act? A. Harrison Act B. Narcotic Control Act C. Marijuana Tax Act D. Controlled Substances Act Home confinement is what? A. a parole board decision B. granted by the governor C. a prosecutor’s recommendation D. a court-imposed sentence How is drug abuse defined? A. illicit use of specific drugs identified by the DEA as illegal B. overuse of prescription and nonprescription drugs C. illicit drug use that results in social, economic, psychological, or legal problems for the user D. use of drugs without medical prescription Which U.S. President stepped up the “War on Drugs”? A. Jimmy Carter B. Ronald Reagan C. George Bush D. Bill Clinton 2.5 Points The legalization of drugs would do what? A. eliminate laws and criminal penalties B. provide free samples C. make certain previously criminal behaviors “ticketable” rather than “arrestable” D. only allow doctors or pharmacists to dispense them Persons who use drugs relatively infrequently and define drug use as pleasurable are called what? A. drug addicts B. recreational drug users C. psychoactive substance abusers D. alcoholics Drug courts seek to do what? A. be strict about minor violations B. be punitive by nature C. impose harsh sentences D. stop the revolving door syndrome Intensive probation supervision focuses on smaller case loads and what? A. more emphasis on offender compliance B. less frequent home contacts C. fewer meeting with the probation officer D. more forgiving about technical violations The belief that all controlled substances are potentially harmful and that drug abusers are victimized by the disease of addiction is called what? A. “legalist” B. “cost-benefit specifism” C. “public health generalism” D. “reform-minded” According to the Harrison Act, any person dealing in opium, morphine, heroin, or cocaine would have to do what? A. pay a tax of $1.00 per year B. provide all of their records to federal law enforcement C. have an office accessible to all populations D. report any signs of drug abuse to a local treatment facility Halfway houses typically face what? A. significant community opposition B. local support for their construction C. community support for training programs D. charitable contributions from many community members Religious groups that provide vocational training combined with religious instruction to inmates are known as what type of program? A. citizen-based programs B. faith-based programs C. community-based programs D. spiritual programs Legalization is a radical approach to solving the drug program. Opponents to legalization say the approach is immoral and impractical. A compromise approach that would make drugs legally available, but only through certain institutions and professions, is known as what type of model? A. compromise B. limitation C. half way D. partial The 2004 report by the Office of National Drug Control Policy entitled “The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States” placed the annual national cost of illicit drug use in the United States at a staggering $180.9 billion. The largest proportion of indirect costs, $128.6 billion, comes from what? A. lost worker productivity B. health care C. justice system expenditures D. social welfare programs Which of the following would be considered the most difficult issue facing an exoffender upon his or her return to society? A. finding a literacy program B. obtaining a driver’s license C. earning a high school equivalency D. finding gainful employment Which piece of legislation still forms the basis of federal enforcement efforts today? A. Harrison Act of 1914 B. Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 C. The Boggs Act of 1951 D. The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 Which of the following is a community-based intermediate sanction? A. reporting to a parole officer on a weekly basis B. publicly apologizing to the victim C. home confinement and electronic monitoring D. serving less than one year in jail