Introduction

The reasons that lead policy-makers and practitioners to promote firm creation and development may not always be the same. However, at a certain point in time, the result of interests that may not be exactly the same nor be exactly aligned, eventually converge. Policy-makers are a body of people ‘with power to influence or determine policies and practices at an international, national, regional or local level’ and have in general macro-economic, broad views. The government of a country is an example of a policy-maker whose views have an impact on society. Practitioners, on the other hand, are people who ‘practice a learned profession’, e.g. an executive of a firm. They look for more micro-economic aspects which benefit their own personal interests and/or the interests of smaller groups.

WHY?

In order to analyse why policy-makers and practitioners intervene in the creation of new firms and their development, we must first examine some data: In 2004, for instance, 580,900 new firms were created in the United States, generating 2,207,420 jobs or, in other words, 7% of the total number of jobs created in that year. These figures demonstrate that new businesses are responsible for the creation of an increasing number of jobs, which in turn reduces unemployment and results in economic growth in certain areas. Some of these regions, especially rural areas and inner cities, may be declining, and the formation and development of new firms might regenerate these, reducing regional inequality and preventing the younger -innovative- generation from moving away (by creating jobs, reducing unemployment and therefore creating wealth for the area and it’s people). The Scottish Birth Rate Strategy launched by Scotland Enterprise (sEn) in 1993 is an example of an enterprise-creation policy which focused on regenerating a rural region- lowland Scotland. In order to do so, the strategy was split into 6 aims: persuading more people in Scotland to set-up businesses, improving the environment so as to make the area a more encouraging place for entrepreneurs, improving access to finance by helping potential entrepreneurs with funding to develop their businesses, widening the entrepreneurial base in order to remove social exclusion (getting ethnic minorities and women involved, for example), increasing new firm formation in industries such as manufacturing and increasing the number of fast-growing new firms.

Another reason why policy-makers and practitioners encourage new firm formation and development is in order to promote innovation. New businesses coming into an industry bring new, radical ideas with them, enabling markets to respond to constant changes in the technological, economic, and social environment. Furthermore, innovation generates choice and diversity in markets, which leads to competition amongst firms. Existing businesses in the market are faced with new entrants, who come armed with technological advances (innovative products and services, for example) which provide them with a competitive advantage. Existing businesses are then forced to increase efficiency in order to stay in the market and if they are unable to match their productivity to that of new firms, they are forced to leave the market, thereby boosting productivity in the market, as a whole. This leads to the formation of more competitive markets.

HOW?

However, it is not always easy for a new firm to enter a market. Far from it, entry barriers, such as capital, control of resources and economies of scale, prevent most new businesses from coming in. Therefore, it is very common for most entrepreneurs to give up on the idea of ever owning a business. Market intervention by policy-makers and practitioners is thus deemed necessary in order to address attitudinal, resource, operational and strategic barriers to firm formation and growth.

In the U.K. as well as the U.S., a wide variety of measures have been introduced, resulting in a collection of policies ranging from macro policies to ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ support measures. ‘Hard’ support measures are those which have a tangible content and are probably the most important incentives of firm formation since without financial assistance, equipment and premises most businesses would never be born. Grants, subsidies and reduced-rate loans are provided by the government (which acts as an economic agent) with the intention of reducing the cost of inputs into the business. The major governmental financial aid package for new small businesses in the United Kingdom is the Enterprise Finance Guarantee Scheme. Loans are given to firms or individuals who cannot obtain financial assistance from elsewhere and 75% of the loan is usually covered. However, this scheme is only provided for companies who are more than two years old and most loans are below £70,000.