Chapter 2

Related Literature

This chapter include Foreign and Local Studies, and Foreign and Local Literature in which will relate our study.

Local Literature

According to the philstar, CEBU, Philippines – To ensure safer pregnancy for expecting women, the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) made prenatal care a key component in its benefit package for normal child birth.

Prenatal care is important not just for pregnant women but also for their unborn babies. Maternal difficulties such as diabetes and high blood pressure which are harmful both to the mother and the child may be detected earlier through prenatal visits with a skilled or trained health care provider. Constant check-up and monitoring during these visits ensure a healthier pregnancy and delivery for both the mother and child.

Members may avail themselves of P1,500 as prenatal care benefit covering drugs and medicines, laboratory tests and ancillary procedures. Reimbursement for prenatal expenses is generally paid to the member. But corresponding official receipts for the procedures and/or drugs and medicines availed of must be submitted in support of the claim.

Prenatal care in lying-in clinics has been an integral part PhilHealth’s maternity care package. But it was only with the recent expansion of its normal delivery package that expenses for prenatal care in hospitals also became reimbursable. This is PhilHealth’s way of encouraging pregnant womven to really undergo prenatal care in support of the Department of Health’s safe motherhood campaign.

This literature is related to the study because many Filipinos were a member of a health insurance company in which a member of it will have a discount and a benefit if they use it when necessary. Philhealth(Philippine Health Insurrance Corporation) has made a benefit package for the pregnant mothers who is a member of it that will encourage them to undergo prenatal check-up that they will avail only 1500 for the drugs and medicines, laboratory tests and ancillary procedures because it is also for their health and for the health of their baby. It is a very nice idea of Philhealth because they helping the pregnant mothers to undergo prenatal check-up.

According to Mec Arevalo, Maternal mortality is defined as death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of giving birth due to complications arising from, or aggravated by, pregnancy). Perinatal mortality, on the other hand, is death of a fetus after 20 weeks of gestation, during the birth, or 7-28 days after delivery. Both continue to be health issues that need to be prioritized in the country.

Maternal deaths are often due to haemorrhage, sepsis, obstructed labour, hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, and complications arising from unsafe abortions. Lack of trained birth attendants or access to proper facilities also contributes to the loss of lives.

Factors contributing to our high maternal mortality rate are either cultural or economic. Women, especially from urban poor areas and far-flung provinces, usually lack decision-making power over their own bodies. Their choices are limited by an equally inadequate education, and Catholic upbringing that prohibits other family planning methods other than abstinence and natural family planning.

Poverty often results in poor nutrition and overall health in the mother, aside from cultivating early marriages and teen pregnancies. According to a UNICEF report in 2009, only 60% of all births in the Philippines are supervised by a qualified birth attendant such as a physician or midwife.

All of these end up compromising perinatal health as malnourished women, and women who have borne many children already, are more likely to give birth pre-term. Based on 2009 statistics, infant mortality rate in the Philippines is at an alarming rate of 20.56 babies for every 1,000 live births.

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Jennifer is just one of the millions of women around the world who had successful pregnancies but not all pregnant women end up the way Jennifer did with her two pregnancies. Why do some pregnancies fail and how can pregnancy be successful? According to American Pregnancy Association, 6 million pregnancies happen each year in the United States and almost 2 million of which are pregnancy losses. Meanwhile, United Nations Population Division recorded more than 2 million births per year in the Philippines. As documented by the World Indicators Development database, the rate of infant death in the said country is 25 per 1,000 live births. Thousands of American pregnant women each year take their health and nutrition for granted through using illegal drugs, drinking alcohol, and smoking cigarettes. No wonder why 875,000 women in the US go through one or more pregnancy problems, which results to various complications like birth defects, low birth weight, premature births, and even worse, infant and maternal deaths.

Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) stated that from 1998 to 2002, 20% of infants in the Philippines have low birth weight, weighing less than 2.5 kilograms. According to American Pregnancy Association, more than 450,000 babies are born to mothers with poor prenatal care in the US. In the meantime, the World Development Indicators database (2003) stated that 87.6% of pregnant women in the Philippines receive prenatal care. Still, many women fail their pregnancies. With insufficient knowledge and support, more and more women in the world will experience pregnancy complications together with its risky effects.

This Literature is related to the study because Pregnant mothers who follow the doctors order like her diet, exercise and regularly undergo prenatal check-up will have a healthy body and healthy baby. Because mothers want their baby to become normal, smart, full of life and la