History 1102 Final Exam, Pt.II Book Essay Winter 2017 Roger Baldwin Instructions For this assignment, I want you to learn about some policies and trends in recent American history that we won’t get to cover in depth in class. At the beginning of each chapter of Eric Foner’s, Give Me Liberty, (Vol. 2), there are a series of Focus Questions; at the end are a series of Review Questions—I’ve selected and/or paraphrased a few of each. Read the appropriate sections of the following chapters and answer all of the following questions: Ch.23, The United States and the Cold War (1945-1953) 1. What major ideological conflicts, security interests, and events brought about the Cold War? (Origins of the Cold War) Ch. 24, An Affluent Society (1953-1960) 2. Explain the meaning and causes of the “American Standard of Living” during the 1950s. Describe how the automobile transformed American communities and culture in the 1950s. (The Golden Age) Ch. 25, The Sixties (1960-1968) 3. Following the Civil Rights Movement for African Americans, what new movements for social change happened in the 1960s? What role did the Supreme Court play in the Rights Revolution? (The New Movements and the Rights Revolution) Ch. 26, The Triumph of Conservatism (1969-1988) 4. What were the chief domestic policies and foreign policies of Ronald Reagan’s presidency? (The Reagan Revolution) Ch.27, Globalization and its Discontents (1989-2000) 5. What cultural conflicts emerged in the 1990s? (Culture Wars) Further Instructions a. Use question-answer format—write out the question, then write a short essay answering it. Do that for each question. b. Use quotes and page citations for each chapter (in parentheses at the end of the sentence). Essays that don’t will be graded down. c. Your essay must be a 12-page (of actual essay, about 24 lines per page). ➢ There’s no maximum length limit write lots! d. Your answers must come from the Foner book, don’t use outside sources. GIVE ME LIBERTY! AN AMERICAN HISTORY Brief Fourth Edition GIVE ME LIBERTY! AN AMERICAN HISTORY Brief Fourth Edition ERIC FONER B W . W . NORTON & COMPANY NEW YORK . LONDON For my mother, Liza Foner (1909–2005), an accomplished artist who lived through most of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By mid-century, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program— trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of 400 and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year— W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees. Copyright © 2014, 2012 by Eric Foner All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Fourth Edition Editor: Steve Forman Associate Editor: Justin Cahill Editorial Assistant: Penelope Lin Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi Project Editor: Diane Cipollone Copy Editor: Elizabeth Dubrulle Marketing Manager: Sarah England Media Editors: Steve Hoge, Tacy Quinn Assistant Editor, Media: Stefani Wallace Production Manager: Sean Mintus Art Director: Rubina Yeh Designer: Chin-Yee Lai Photo Editor: Stephanie Romeo Photo Research: Donna Ranieri Permissions Manager: Megan Jackson Permissions Clearing: Bethany Salminen Composition and Layout: Jouve Manufacturing: Transcontinental Since this page cannot accommodate all of the copyright notices, the Credits pages at the end of the book constitute an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for. This edition: ISBN 978-0-393-92034-5 (pbk.) W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110-0017 wwnorton.com W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT 1234567890 ABOUT THE AUTHOR E R I C F O N E R is DeWitt Clinton Professor of History at Columbia University, where he earned his B.A. and Ph.D. In his teaching and scholarship, he focuses on the Civil War and Reconstruction, slavery, and nineteenth-century America. Professor Foner’s publications include Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War; Tom Paine and Revolutionary America; Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy; Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877; The Story of American Freedom; and Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction. His history of Reconstruction won the Los Angeles Times Book Award for History, the Bancroft Prize, and the Parkman Prize. He has served as president of the Organization of American Historians and the American Historical Association. In 2006 he received the Presidential Award for Outstanding Teaching from Columbia University. His most recent book is The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, winner of the Lincoln Prize, the Bancroft Prize, and the Pulitzer Prize. CONTENTS About the Author … v List of Maps, Tables, and Figures … xviii Preface … xx 15. “WHAT IS FREEDOM?”: RECONSTRUCTION, 1865–1877 … 441 THE MEANING O F F R E E D O M . . . 443 Families in Freedom … 443 Church and School … 444 Political Freedom … 444 Land, Labor, and Freedom … 445 Masters without Slaves … 445 The Free Labor Vision … 447 The Freedmen’s Bureau … 447 The Failure of Land Reform … 448 The White Farmer … 449 Voices of Freedom: From Petition of Committee in Behalf of the Freedmen to Andrew Johnson (1865), and From A Sharecropping Contract (1866) … 450 Aftermath of Slavery … 453 THE MAKING O F RA D I C A L R E C O N S TRU C TI O N . . . 454 Andrew Johnson … 454 The Failure of Presidential Reconstruction … 454 The Black Codes … 455 The Radical Republicans … 456 The Origins of Civil Rights … 456 The Fourteenth Amendment … 457 The Reconstruction Act … 458 Impeachment and the Election of Grant … 458 The Fifteenth Amendment … 460 The “Great Constitutional Revolution” … 461 The Rights of Women … 461 RADICAL RECON S TRU C TI O N I N T H E S O U TH . . . 462 “The Tocsin of Freedom” … 462 The Black Officeholder … 464 Carpetbaggers and Scalawags … 464 Southern Republicans in Power … 465 The Quest for Prosperity … 465 THE OVERTHRO W O F R E C O N S TRU C TI O N . . . 466 Reconstruction’s Opponents … 466 “A Reign of Terror” … 467 The Liberal Republicans … 469 The North’s Retreat … 470 The Triumph of the Redeemers … 471 The Disputed Election and Bargain of 1877 … 472 The End of Reconstruction … 473 REVIEW … 474 16. AMERICA’S GILDED AGE, 1870–1890 … 475 THE SECOND IND U S TRI A L REV O LU T I O N . . . 476 The Industrial Economy … 477 Railroads and the National Market … 478 The Spirit of Innovation … 479 Competition and Consolidation … 480 The Rise of Andrew Carnegie … 481 The Contents vi i Triumph of John D. Rockefeller … 481 Workers’ Freedom in an Industrial Age … 482 THE TRANSFORMA T I O N O F T H E W ES T . . . 483 A Diverse Region … 484 Farming in the Trans-Mississippi West … 485 The Cowboy and the Corporate West … 486 Conflict on the Mormon Frontier … 487 The Subjugation of the Plains Indians … 488 “Let Me Be a Free Man” … 489 Remaking Indian Life … 489 The Dawes Act and Wounded Knee … 490 Settler Societies and Global Wests … 491 Voices of Freedom: From Andrew Carnegie, “Wealth” (1889), and From Ira Steward, “A Second Declaration of Independence” (1879) … 492 POLITICS IN A GILD ED A G E . . . 494 The Corruption of Politics … 494 The Politics of Dead Center … 495 Government and the Economy … 496 Reform Legislation … 497 Political Conflict in the States … 497 FREEDOM IN THE G I LD E D A G E . . . 498 The Social Problem … 498 Social Darwinism in America … 499 Liberty of Contract and the Courts … 500 LABOR AND THE RE P U BLI C . . . 501 “The Overwhelming Labor Question” … 501 The Knights of Labor and the “Conditions Essential to Liberty” … 502 Middle-Class Reformers … 502 Protestants and Moral Reform … 504 A Social Gospel … 504 The Haymarket Affair … 505 Labor and Politics … 506 REVIEW … 507 17. FREEDOM’S BOUNDARIES, AT HOME AND ABROAD, 1890–1900 … 508 THE POPULIST CHALLEN G E . . . 510 The Farmers’ Revolt … 510 The People’s Party … 511 The Populist Platform … 512 The Populist Coalition … 513 The Government and Labor … 513 Populism and Labor … 514 Bryan and Free Silver … 515 The Campaign of 1896 … 516 THE SEGREGATED S O U T H . . . 517 The Redeemers in Power … 517 The Failure of the New South Dream … 517 Black Life in the South … 518 The Kansas Exodus … 518 The Decline of Black Politics … 519 The Elimination of Black Voting … 520 The Law of Segregation … 521 The Rise of Lynching … 522 Politics, Religion, and Memory … 523 REDRAWING THE B O U N D A R I ES . . . 524 The New Immigration and the New Nativism … 524 Chinese Exclusion and Chinese Rights … 525 The Emergence of v iii Co nt ent s Booker T. Washington … 526 The Rise of the AFL … 527 The Women’s Era … 528 BECOMING A WO RLD P O W ER . . . 529 The New Imperialism … 529 American Expansionism … 529 The Lure of Empire … 530 The “Splendid Little War” … 531 Roosevelt at San Juan Hill … 532 An American Empire … 533 The Philippine War … 535 Voices of Freedom: From Josiah Strong, Our Country (1885), and From “Aguinaldo’s Case against the United States” (1899) … 536 Citizens or Subjects? … 538 Drawing the Global Color Line … 539 “Republic or Empire?” … 539 REVIEW … 542 18. THE PROGRESSIVE ERA, 1900–1916 … 543 AN URBAN AGE A N D A C O N S U M ER S O C I E T Y . . . 545 Farms and Cities … 545 The Muckrakers … 546 Immigration as a Global Process … 546 The Immigrant Quest for Freedom … 548 Consumer Freedom … 548 The Working Woman … 549 The Rise of Fordism … 550 The Promise of Abundance … 550 VARIETIES OF P RO G RES S I V I S M . . . 551 Industrial Freedom … 552 The Socialist Presence and Eugene Debs … 552 Voices of Freedom: From Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics (1898), and From John Mitchell, “A Workingman’s Conception of Industrial Liberty” (1910) … 554 AFL and IWW … 556 The New Immigrants on Strike … 556 Labor and Civil Liberties … 557 The New Feminism … 558 The BirthControl Movement … 558 Native American Progressivism … 559 THE POLITICS OF PRO G RES S I V I S M . . . 559 Effective Freedom … 559 State and Local Reforms … 560 Progressive Democracy … 561 Jane Addams and Hull House … 562 The Campaign for Woman Suffrage … 563 Maternalist Reform … 564 THE PROGRESSI V E PRES I D EN T S . . . 566 Theodore Roosevelt … 566 John Muir and the Spirituality of Nature … 567 The Conservation Movement … 567 Taft in Office … 568 The Election of 1912 … 569 New Freedom and New Nationalism … 569 Wilson’s First Term … 570 The Expanding Role of Government … 571 REVIEW … 573 Contents ix 19. SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY: THE UNITED STATES AND WORLD WAR I, 1916–1920 … 574 AN ERA OF INTERV EN T I O N . . . 576 “I Took the Canal Zone” … 576 The Roosevelt Corollary … 578 Moral Imperialism … 579 Wilson and Mexico … 579 AMERICA AND THE G REA T W A R . . . 580 Neutrality and Preparedness … 581 The Road to War … 582 The Fourteen Points … 582 THE WAR AT HOME . . . 584 The Progressives’ War … 584 The Wartime State … 584 The Propaganda War … 585 The Coming of Woman Suffrage … 586 Prohibition … 587 Liberty in Wartime … 587 Voices of Freedom: From Eugene V. Debs, Speech to the Jury before Sentencing under the Espionage Act (1918), and From W. E. B. Du Bois, “Returning Soldiers,” The Crisis (1919) … 588 The Espionage Act … 590 Coercive Patriotism … 590 WHO IS AN AMERIC A N ? . . . 591 The “Race Problem” … 591 The Anti-German Crusade … 592 Toward Immigration Restriction … 593 Groups Apart: Mexicans and Asian-Americans … 593 The Color Line … 594 Roosevelt, Wilson, and Race … 594 W. E. B. Du Bois and the Revival of Black Protest … 595 Closing Ranks … 596 The Great Migration … 596 Racial Violence, North and South … 597 The Rise of Garveyism … 598 1919 … 599 A Worldwide Upsurge … 599 Upheaval in America … 599 The Red Scare … 600 Wilson at Versailles … 601 The Wilsonian Moment … 602 The Seeds of Wars to Come … 604 The Treaty Debate … 605 REVIEW … 607 20. FROM BUSINESS CULTURE TO GREAT DEPRESSION: THE TWENTIES, 1920–1932 … 608 THE BUSINESS OF AM ERI C A . . . 610 A Decade of Prosperity … 610 A New Society … 611 The Limits of Prosperity … 612 The Farmers’ Plight … 612 The Image of Business … 613 The Decline of Labor … 613 The Equal Rights Amendment … 615 Women’s Freedom … 615 BUSINESS AND GOV ERN M E N T . . . 616 The Republican Era … 617 Corruption in Government … 617 The Election of 1924 … 618 Economic Diplomacy … 618 THE BIRTH OF CIVI L LI B E R T I ES . . . 619 A “Clear and Present Danger” … 620 The Court and Civil Liberties … 621 x Cont e nt s THE CULTURE WA R S . . . 621 The Fundamentalist Revolt … 621 The Scopes Trial … 622 The Second Klan … 623 Closing the Golden Door … 624 Race and the Law … 625 Promoting Tolerance … 626 The Emergence of Harlem … 627 Voices of Freedom: From André Siegfried, “The Gulf Between,” Atlantic Monthly (March 1928), and From Majority Opinion, Justice James C. McReynolds, in Meyer v. Nebraska (1923) … 628 The Harlem Renaissance … 630 THE GREAT DEP R E S S I O N . . . 631 The Election of 1928 … 631 The Coming of the Depression … 632 Americans and the Depression … 633 Resignation and Protest … 635 Hoover’s Response … 636 The Worsening Economic Outlook … 636 Freedom in the Modern World … 637 REVIEW … 638 21. THE NEW DEAL, 1932–1940 … 639 THE FIRST NEW D E A L . . . 641 FDR and the Election of 1932 … 641 The Coming of the New Deal … 642 The Banking Crisis … 642 The NRA … 643 Government Jobs … 644 Public-Works Projects … 645 The New Deal and Agriculture … 646 The New Deal and Housing … 647 The Court and the New Deal … 648 THE GRASSROO T S R E V O L T . . . 648 Labor’s Great Upheaval … 648 The Rise of the CIO … 649 Labor and Politics … 650 Voices of Protest … 651 Religion on the Radio … 651 THE SECOND NE W D EA L . . . 652 The WPA and the Wagner Act … 653 The American Welfare State: Social Security … 654 A RECKONING WI T H LI B E R T Y . . . 655 The Election of 1936 … 655 Voices of Freedom: From Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Fireside Chat” (1934), and From John Steinbeck, The Harvest Gypsies: On the Road to the Grapes of Wrath (1938) … 656 The Court Fight … 658 The End of the Second New Deal … 659 THE LIMITS OF C H A N G E . . . 660 The New Deal and American Women … 660 The Southern Veto … 661 The Stigma of Welfare … 661 The Indian New Deal … 662 The New Deal and Mexican-Americans … 662 Last Hired, First Fired … 663 Federal Discrimination … 664 A NEW CONCEP T I O N O F A M ERI C A . . . 665 The Heyday of American Communism … 665 Redefining the People … 666 Challenging the Color Line … 667 Labor and Civil Contents xi Liberties … 667 The End of the New Deal … 668 The New Deal in American History … 669 REVIEW … 671 22. FIGHTING FOR THE FOUR FREEDOMS: WORLD WAR II, 1941–1945 … 672 FIGHTING WORLD W A R I I . . . 674 Good Neighbors … 674 The Road to War … 675 Isolationism … 675 War in Europe … 676 Toward Intervention … 677 Pearl Harbor … 677 The War in the Pacific … 678 The War in Europe … 679 THE HOME FRONT . . . 682 Mobilizing for War … 682 Business and the War … 683 Labor in Wartime … 684 Fighting for the Four Freedoms … 684 The Fifth Freedom … 685 Women at War … 686 VISIONS OF POSTWA R FREED O M . . . 687 Toward an American Century … 687 “The Way of Life of Free Men” … 688 The Road to Serfdom … 689 THE AMERICAN DIL E M M A . . . 689 Patriotic Assimilation … 690 The Bracero Program … 690 Indians during the War … 691 Asian-Americans in Wartime … 691 JapaneseAmerican Internment … 692 Blacks and the War … 694 Blacks and Military Service … 695 Birth of the Civil Rights Movement … 695 The Double-V … 696 The War and Race … 696 An American Dilemma … 697 Voices of Freedom: From Henry R. Luce, The American Century (1941), and From Charles H. Wesley, “The Negro Has Always Wanted the Four Freedoms,” in What the Negro Wants (1944) … 698 Black Internationalism … 700 THE END OF THE W A R . . . 700 “The Most Terrible Weapon” … 701 The Dawn of the Atomic Age … 701 The Nature of the War … 702 Planning the Postwar World … 703 Yalta and Bretton Woods … 703 The United Nations … 704 Peace, but not Harmony … 704 REVIEW … 706 23. THE UNITED STATES AND THE COLD WAR, 1945–1953 … 707 ORIGINS OF THE CO L D W A R . . . 709 The Two Powers … 709 The Roots of Containment … 709 The Truman Doctrine … 710 The Marshall Plan … 711 x ii Co nt ent s The Reconstruction of Japan … 712 The Berlin Blockade and NATO … 713 The Growing Communist Challenge … 713 The Korean War … 715 Cold War Critics … 717 Imperialism and Decolonization … 717 Voices of Freedom: From Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew (1955), and From Henry Steele Commager, “Who Is Loyal to America?” in Harper’s (September 1947) … 718 THE COLD WAR A N D T H E I D EA O F FREED O M . . . 720 Freedom and Totalitarianism … 720 The Rise of Human Rights … 721 Ambiguities of Human Rights … 722 THE TRUMAN PRES I D EN C Y . . . 722 The Fair Deal … 722 The Postwar Strike Wave … 723 The Republican Resurgence … 723 Postwar Civil Rights … 724 To Secure These Rights … 725 The Dixiecrat and Wallace Revolts … 725 THE ANTICOMM U N I S T C RU S A D E . . . 727 Loyalty and Disloyalty … 728 The Spy Trials … 729 McCarthy and McCarthyism … 730 An Atmosphere of Fear … 731 The Uses of Anticommunism … 731 Anticommunist Politics … 732 Cold War Civil Rights … 733 REVIEW … 735 24. AN AFFLUENT SOCIETY, 1953–1960 … 736 THE GOLDEN A G E . . . 738 A Changing Economy … 738 A Suburban Nation … 739 The Growth of the West … 740 The TV World … 741 Women at Work and at Home … 741 A Segregated Landscape … 742 The Divided Society … 743 Religion and Anticommunism … …