Paper 3
Science, Medicine and Empire
You should answer four questions in total. Answer one question from
Section A and three questions from Section B. All questions carry equal
weighting.
Begin each answer on a separate sheet.
Write legibly and on only one side of the paper.
Answers must be tied up in separate bundles, marked 1, 2, 3, etc.
according to the number of the question.
Attach a completed coversheet to each bundle and complete a master
coversheet listing all questions attempted. It is essential that you write
your examination number and not your name on the coversheet and on
each bundle.
You may not start to read the questions printed on the subsequent
pages of this question paper until instructed to do so by the
invigilator.
Page 2 of 2
SECTION A
1. In what ways did gender and class shape medical and scientific careers
in the nineteenth century?
2. Why did the establishment of universal standards become such an
important feature of the sciences in the nineteenth century?
3. To what extent is the story of nineteenth-century science and medicine a
story of knowledge made in Europe being spread to the rest of the
world?
SECTION B
4. ‘In nineteenth-century medicine, the knowledge produced by hospitals
was more important than that produced by laboratories.’ Assess this
claim.
5. Why did so many Victorians believe that religion and science were at
war?
6. In what ways was the debate over evolution a debate about empire?
7. How did miasmatic theories of disease shape the practice of public
health in the nineteenth century?
8. ‘Know thyself.’ How did nineteenth-century anatomists act on this
injunction, and with what effects?
9. What was ‘Humboldtian science’?
10. Why was Charles Darwin on the Beagle? What did he learn on the
voyage?
11. Why was science so closely associated with ideas of progress in the
nineteenth century?
12. What role did the senses play in the changing relations between
physiology, physics and psychology from the mid-nineteenth through the
early twentieth centuries?