1 Either (a) ‘Sentence meanings are nothing but fossilized communicative
intentions.’ Discuss.
Or (b) What is the relation between meaning and force?
2 Can a theory of truth serve as a theory of meaning?
3 Is being being the value of an existentially quantified variable?
4 Why is Frege’s account of quantification an important accomplishment?
5 Either (a) ‘(Ｐ ∧ Ｑ) and (Ｐ ∨ Ｑ) have the same grammatical form. So
even in propositional logic, grammatical form misleads as to
logical form.’ Discuss.
Or (b) How many argument terms does the verb ‘kicked’ take?
6 Either (a) What metaphysical puzzles did Russell attempt to solve with his
Theory of Descriptions? Was he successful?
Or (b) What problems was Frege trying to solve with his theory of
sense? Was he successful?
7 Must a name be tied to its bearer by causal links?
8 Either (a) Does any set of inference rules define a logical constant?
If not, why not?
Or (b) How could the law of excluded middle not be valid?
9 Either (a) Which modal logic is the right modal logic for the notion of
logical necessity?
Or (b) Carefully describe the standard semantics for the modal logic T.
Show that, on that semantics, the proposition (Ｐ ⊃ Ｑ) ⊃
(Ｐ ⊃ Ｑ) is a modal logical truth, but (◊Ｐ ⊃ ◊Ｐ)
isn’t. What needs to be added to the semantics to make the latter a
modal logical truth?
10 Either (a) ‘If the arbitrarily given axioms do not contradict each other with
all their consequences, then they are true and the things defined
by the axioms exist. This is for me the criterion of truth and
existence’ (HILBERT). Discuss.
Or (b) What is it for a theory to be categorical? Why does it ma