Literature Review on Historic Impact of Beijing Subway Development

The London Underground has a really long history; it was set up in 1863, and it became a worldwide headline at the time. In 1890, electric trains replaced all the steam-operated trains (Jun Xie, 2005). At that time, because the steam engine exhaust posed a health risk, it was necessary to have a hole every certain distance to link to ground in order to get fresher air (Tiao, Hao, 2003). In 1905, all the trains were electric in the London Underground system. Currently, the length of the London Uundergroud is reaching/h. And o160 Kkm/h is nd ground i with a total 12 underground lines ( Jun Xie, 2005).

The New York City Subway too has more than hundred years of history, dating back to 1904; currently, the New York City Subway has a length of 370 km with 468 stations (Jun Xie, 2005). Kyes • Jackson, a New York history professor in tThe Col University, thought that if New York hads had a oubwayystem, it will wouve caused more vehicles to enter Manhattan. The resulting traffic jams and expensive parking fees would have made it almost impossible for many people to live in the city. Thus, it would have been New ssible for New York to become such a great city. (Kes • Jackson, 2002).

Paris saw the opening of its first underground in 1900; it has already developed a huge system with about 300 stations, reaching nearly everywhere in Paris (Wang Wei, 2007).

Tokyo’s underground opened in 1927; it was the first subway system in Asia. Hong Kong’s opened in 1979 (Wang Wei, 2007).

Beijing Subway History

The Beijing metro was built on July 1, 1965. In the late 1950s, the relations between China and the Soviet Union were deteriorating (Feng Gao, 2001). The line being built in 1965 was along the Chang An avenue and Beijing city from west to east (the west of Beijing city has garrison stations with the presence of huge military). This line spanned 23.6 km and 17 stations, and the line opened at october 1, 1969, 1sha Xu, 2008). According to estimates, the Beijing Ssubwy can d transported fe army combat division forces per day from the west to downtown Beij downuring wartimer day. Becausebway belonged to combat readiness engineering, the Beijing Ssubway is was notopen tublic for a long time, and people who wanted to take the Ssubway needed toget permit permissionhe government and military. On September 15, 1981, Beijing Ssubway was opense o fhe public. ( en Gao, 2001).

According to an announcement made by Premier Zhou Enlai in April 1970, Beijing Subway had a leader department, Tie Dao Bing (a Chinese military army type), which was to be responsible for the management of metro operations. The Beijing Ssubway began tosarted ming expms from combat operations in the into multones. in Beijing,By Magradually Beiinad gradually established put safety operation as the most importaactors,the improving efficiency, thy eted for the capital city’s modernization, anat wanted economic construction houldo gradually assume an becominLiang, 207), In May 1984, te municipal party committee and the city government began with a new metro management operator, because the needs of foefor war isnot urgeat that time. Since then, the Beijing Subway Company company is beingfor civil war readiness, construction, and operation.ThenThereafter, ith the refoand opening-up policy, and under the guidance of the institution, the Beijing Subway Corporate implements has implemented the subway’sal management (Beijing Subway Corporate, 2006).

As Beijing succeeded in its bid to hold the Olympic Games, the municipal party committee and the city government increased the rail transit investment and raised the speed of construction, targeting a length of 300 km for the Beijing Subway system in order to satisfy and achieve goals to improve the Chinese international image (Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport, 2008). In order to adapt to the needs of the rapid development of metro, the municipal party committee and the city government decided o restructure the Beijing metro group if Beijing Ssbway corporation in 26 July 2001. The government pllowed competition into the Beijing Subway to allow other corporates to operate different lines in the near future (Municipal Party Committee, 2009).

The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be held in Beijing, it create a great opportunities to develop metro (Municipal Party Committee, 2007).

The impact of Beijing Subway history on the current Beijing Subway

Because the Beijing Subway initially served the Chinese military and was managed by the Chinese central government, compared to subways in other Chinese cities and other countries, the main difference has been that the development of Beijing Subway has been important for local and even national strategy. Therefore, development of the Beijing Subway is usually related to the national strategy instead of pure local and Subway issues. The Beijing Subway inner review report (2009) revealed that it is not possible to understand the Beijing Subway using normal logic. In the past, the Beijing Subway was one of the core projects started by the military to ensure local and national safety. After several decades of development, the Beijing Subway considers more the social and economic needs. Currently, it is still strongly impacted by national and local strategies. In the last 10 years, the Beijing Subway has seen really quick development in order to meet the 2008 Olympic Games needs. The Games quickly became one of the core strategies for China. The Chinese central government s tarded it as an opportunityies make other countries to re of the real China and improve the Chinese international image. The Beijing Subway system is cor main system to solve traffic jams,; ndwill help Beijing quiquickly become worminent in the world. This is the main reason for the Beijing Subway to get so sufient funds from both local and central governments.

Another report from the Beijing Subway, called the Beijing Subway development model (2003), clearly defined the system as an important tool for the government to achieve tts strategicy eeds. Social stability is one of the core strategiesy oflocal and Chinesea stategy. And , it is important to evaluate the development of Beijing Subway have to now whether or not iited in linth the strategy, then to look at specific issues. According toThe Cal government’s Green GDP report (2009) reveals that social stable stability foundation to makefor social devt and sustamic development. And In addition, the ent core strategy is to build a” ‘Harmony harmonioussocwhich includes objecties of reduce reduction in reduclution and s energy,. Make inculcating sociade of trin thecy, and improve improving people’s life standaead of a few people getting rich. Report ofThe Beijing Subway development inner r009) points out that Beijing Subway already makes several decisions regarding the Beijing Sto satisfy Beijing local and national strategies. The main decision is mainly e change the core domestic technology to improve theg Sustem. Also, reduce a reduction in the price of tickets is envisaged, to benefit ople that couldso they can afford the Beijing Suway tickets as for dailykly development and allowing permissioto use ile and rin the tube to satsfy fulfil Oympic needs are other d taken to satisfy meet country national needs.

Situation for Sustainable Development of Beijing and Theory of Sustainability

Dobson (1998, p. 60) said ‘Sustainable development, therefore, amounts to a strategy for environmental sustainability because of the belief that a particular form of development will provide the conditions within which environmental sustainability can be guaranteed’. Also, there are many other definitions of sustainable development and urban sustainability, but generally this definition emphasizes the current development needs, which do not affect the future benefits of a certain place. The Statistical Community of the People’s Republic of China on the 2009 National Economic and Social Development shows that China continues to use a scientific approach for economic and social development, which emphasizes on the quality rather than the speed of Chinese economic growth tor achievinge sutainable development rathional Bureau of